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1214
Scientific Method
This has evolved much over time. It has six main steps to bring a hypothesis to a theory. Many people have different beliefs of who started this because everyone has used it and it's common sense in a way. -
1231
Inquisition
This was a special court set up during the Middle Ages. It used secret testimony, torture and executions to get rid of Protestant heracy. It had a list of immoral or irreligious books Catholics couldn't use including teachings of Luther and Calvin. -
1395
Johan Gutenburg
Gutenburg was a German inventor, he mostly experimented with printing. He's most famous for the first book printed in Europe called the "Forty-Two-Line" Bible. His innovation was casting systems and metal alloys, making printing easier. It is believed he went blind in the last few months of his life and died in 1468. -
1400
Humanism
This was the study of Greek and Latin classics. It studied grammar, poetry, history, politics, and philosophy. Italian humanists searched manuscript collections to make Latin learning mire available. -
1415
Perspective
Filipo Brunelleschi developed linear perspective, a 3-D look in art. This became popular in Renaissance Art, as in "The Last Supper", etc. This used lines to create a look of distance. -
1440
Printing Revolution
The printing press was invented by Johann Gutenburg. By 1500, over 200 cities in Europe had printing presses. This allowed many people to print the bible and more books were more available. -
Apr 15, 1452
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was the ideal Renaissance man, well-rounded. He was a painter, advisor to kings, engineer, physiologist, and a botanist. He is most famous for his works of the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper". -
Oct 27, 1466
Erasmus
Erasmus meaning "beloved" was one of Europe's most famous scholars. At this time indulgences were being sold and they were believed to lessen time in purgatory, Erasmus was one who objected this practice. In 1536, he died or dysentery. -
May 3, 1469
Machiavelli
For fourteen years he was a diplomat in Italy's Florentine Republic. He was in jail for a bit and after he wrote "The Prince". His book was about how he believes a ruler should rule. His nickname was "Father of Modern Political Theory". -
Feb 19, 1473
Copernicus
He was a polish astronomer. He tested the views of Ptolemy and Aristotle. He believed Earth was just one of a number of planets that revolved around the sun and we were heliocentric. His teory was rejected and later Johannes Keepler and Tycho Brahe proved it. -
Mar 6, 1475
Michelangelo
Another Renaissance man, however, arguably the greatest Renaissance man of this time. He's most famous for his works of "David", "Pieta", and the ceiling work of the Sistine Chapel. "David" was an eighteen foot sculpture and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel took four years to finish, his pieces were large and he had an amazing talent. -
Feb 7, 1478
Thomas More
Thomas More is famous for his book "Utopia". Thomas More also would not accept Henry VIII as the head of the church. Soon after he was tried for treason and beheaded. Later he will become known as the "Reformation Martyr". -
Apr 6, 1483
Raphael
He was a painter and architect born in Italy. His father began teaching him art when he was young and by the time e was a teen, he was the finest painter in town. He did the large Vatican fresco and The School of Athens. He died unexpectedly in the middle of one of his works. -
Nov 10, 1483
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a German monk and a professor. In 1517, he started a revolt. He was unhappy with the sales of indulgences, he knew the church was corrupting the people. He wrote the 95 Theses and they began to spread throughout Europe. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther in 1521, and Charles V declared him an outlaw. However, Martin Luther had already gained many followers who called themselves "protestants". -
Jul 2, 1489
Thomas Cranmer
Thomas Cranmer was appointed archbishop. He annulled Henry's marriage. Soon he was denounced by Queen Mary I for promoting Protestantism, he was burned at the stake. -
Jun 28, 1491
Henry VIII
Henry was next in line to become King of England. He becomes king and wants to have a son. However his wife Catherine only gave him a girl, Mary. He wants a new wife so he asked the pope and he refused since he didn't give him a good reason. So Henry took over the English church. Next he married five more, in search of a son. By the time of his last wife, his health was so terrible he ended up passing away. However, in 1597 he finally had a son, Edward. -
Jul 10, 1509
John Calvin
John Calvin was Martin Luther's successor. He ruled Geneva and had made it the center of Protestantism. He was very strict and unemotional with his rulings. He executed fifty-eight and exiled seventy-six for having countering beliefs. He sent pastors out to continue the teachings. He's known as the most important figure from the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. -
1517
Sale of Indulgences
An indulgence is a way to reduce punishment for your sins. The church began to be corrupt and started selling these to people. This angered Martin Luther and he believed the only way you could be saved was through faith. -
Sep 7, 1533
Elizabeth I
She ruled England for 44 years, known as the Elizabethen era. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She wanted to reunite England and avoid religious wars. She compromised Catholic and Protestant and didn't allow herself to be head of Church. -
1543
Heliocentric Theory
This is the theory the sun is the center of the solar system, not Earth. Copernicus came up with this theory, however he didn't have anything to help prove this. Galileo did, he used the telescope to prove this and study the planets, etc. -
1545
Council of Trent
Known as the "Counter/Catholic Reformation". Pope Leo called this to end curroption in the church and settle issues of the doctorine. The council declared the salvation come through both faith and good works. They met three times and it strengthened the fight of Protestantism. -
Jan 22, 1561
Francis Bacon
He is most famous for his promotion of the scientific method.He was an attorney general, but valued philosophy more. In 1620 he published a book and only then did people notice him as a "reputable philosopher of science". Six years later he was performing experiments and got bronchitis and passed away. -
Feb 15, 1564
Galileo
An Italian scientist who made improvements to the telescope, gave us a better understanding of our universe and made discoveries such as Jupiter's moons. His discoveries were proven with his math. He also wrote several book throughout his lifetime. -
Apr 23, 1564
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare is known as the greatest dramatist of all time. His plays are known worldwide. Him and some others started one of their own theaters called the Globe. He wrote a total of 37 plays, he also had a very personal life as there are very few records of him. He died at age 52. -
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton is most famous for his law of gravitation. He wrote what people call the most influential book on physics. Queen Anne of England knighted him, making him Sir Isaac Newton. He created many laws and theories we use today.
