-
This doctrine was codified in the late Middle Ages, in 1343, by Pope Clement VI. By the time of Luther, certificates of indulgences were being sold to raise money on behalf of important patrons like the pope, who needed funds to build St. Peter's Basilica. Also, indulgences were intended to offer remission of the temporal punishment due to sin equivalent to that someone might obtain by performing a canonical penance for a specific period of time. -
Johannes Gutenberg is known for having designed and built the first known mechanized printing press in Europe. In 1455 he used it to print the Gutenberg Bible, which is one of the earliest books in the world to be printed from movable type. he also revolutionized the use of wet ink. -
Lorenzo took on the role of keeping peace in northern Italy and keeping other Europeans out of Italian affairs. What Lorenzo is most remembered for, however, is his patronage of the arts. Lorenzo de'Medici maintained a court of artists that made Florence the center of Renaissance artistic production. -
He serves as a role model applying the scientific method to every aspect of life. Including art and music, although he is best known for his dramatic and expressive artwork. Leonardo also conducted a lot of carefully thought out experiments and created other inventions that were amazing for the time. -
pope Paul III was a notable patron of the arts and at the same time encouraged the beginning of the reform movement. It was to deeply affect the Roman Catholic Church in the later 16th century. He called the Council of Trent in 1545. He also restored the university of Rome at the time. -
Albrecht Dürer was a painter, printmaker, and writer generally regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist. His paintings and engravings show the Northern interest in detail and Renaissance efforts to represent the bodies of humans and animals accurately. transformed printmaking into an art form equal to that of painting and sculpture. -
Michelangelo's drawings are valued not only as works exhibiting extraordinary skill but as windows into the mind of the master. They let us witness in an astonishingly direct and intimate way. These are creation of some of the greatest works of Renaissance art. -
Sir Thomas More PC venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, judge, social philosopher, author, statesman, amateur theologian, and noted Renaissance humanist. He also served Henry VIII as Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to May 1532. He was a highly respected intellectual who wrote extensively on matters of law and theology. -
Raphael was one of the most talented painters of the Italian Renaissance. His work is admired for its uniqueness of form and ease of composition. Also for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. He was also a popular architect during his lifetime. -
Martin Luther is a German theologian, professor, pastor, and church reformer. Luther began the Protestant Reformation with the publication of his Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517. In this publication, he attacked the Church's sale of indulgences. -
As archbishop he put the English Bible in parish churches. drew up the Book of Common Prayer and composed a litany that remains in use today. Denounced by the Catholic queen Mary I for promoting Protestantism, he was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake. -
Humanism looked to antiquity for inspiration in reforming society and had a tremendous impact on all aspects of life in renaissance Italy and Europe more broadly from government to the arts. Much of the artistic output of the renaissance was the product of a fruitful dialogue between artists and humanists. seeing the "whole" person and appreciating the uniqueness of each individual. -
Elizabeth the first is a 45-year reign, generally considered one of the most glorious in English history. During it a secure Church of England was established. Its doctrines were laid down in the 39 Articles of 1563, a compromise between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. Elizabeth herself refused to 'make windows into men's souls. -
Between 1617 and 1621, Kepler developed a heliocentric model of the Solar System in Epitome astronomiae, Copernicanae. In which all the planets have elliptical orbits. This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets. -
Renaissance scientists were the first to adopt Francis Bacon's system of the scientific method. which relied on observation and hypothesis to establish its claims. Based on new and expanding knowledge, Renaissance scientists made discoveries in astronomy, matter, and medicine. -
The Council of Trent met to define the doctrines of the Catholic Church. The idea was to lessen corruption of clergy members and abuses of power and finances. The council determined that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was the final word but that the Bible had equal authority with the Church. -
William Shakespeare was known for creating new words and tropes, as well as building relationships between writers and patrons. Shakespeare greatly influenced contemporary literature. Not only are actors still performing his plays, but his work, symbolism, wordplay, and characters inspire contemporary writers to push their creative boundaries. -
Desiring to fascinate patrons Renaissance artist were greatly concerned with painting realistic scenes and linear perspective was the method they found to portray space and depth in art. this technique helped make their art all the more captivating.