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Period: 6 BCE to 8
Buddhist Period
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Period: 4 to
Gupta Period - Buddhism was predominant
- Nalanda and Valabhi Universities
- Fa Hien visited - Chinese connection
- Medium of instruction - vernacular language
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Period: 399 to 415
Fa Hien in India
Chinese traveller. Visits Pataliputra & Tamralipti monasteries. -
Period: Nov 11, 629 to Nov 12, 645
Hiuen Tsang in India
Visited monasteries of Hinayana and Mahayana schools -
Period: Nov 11, 671 to Nov 12, 695
I-Tsing in India
Studied at Nalanda University -
Nov 11, 900
Muslim invasions begin
Started from 8th C AD. Went on till 1771.
Hindu-Buddhist scientists fled invasion. Moved to interiors - eventually to Tibet.
Number of Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit texts translated to Tibetan - for fear of being burnt by Muslims. -
Period: Nov 11, 900 to
Muslim invasions
- Sanskrit/Prakrit - replaced by Urdu/Persian - Amir Khusrau - poet, musician, scholar - Maktabas/Madrasas - Curr - traditional + rational sciences - Geography started -
Nov 11, 1200
Nalanda University ransacked
By Bhaktiyar Khilji -
Nov 11, 1542
Jesuits introduce the European College System
Introduce printing of books - St. Paul's College in Goa -
Period: to
British try to colonize India
Problems of military conquests and revenue systems.
Still eyeing trade and natural resources in the country.
No interest in advancement of learning -
British Arrive
EIC is formed -
Earliest Account of European traveller
Fra Bartolomeo commented on the wonders of Indian Education. -
British are in awe of Indian Education
Notice widespread education. Report of better standards than even European schools. Most villages have public schoools. Mostly funded by locals and Raja's treasury. -
Danish Teacher-training missionaries
- Training teachers for elementary and primary schools
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EIC's attitude to missionaries changes
Prior to 1765, neutral attitude.
They concentrated on governance, missionaries concentrated on education.
After 1765 - gained political sovereignty - needed to be religiously neutral.
Stopped supporting missionaries -
Warren Hastings founds Madrasa Aliya
Aliah University, Calcutta -
Warren Hastings founds Asiatic Society of India
Personal interest to further oriental learnings.
Becomes a treasurehouse of knowledge about Asia and culture.
Starts research on oriental education. -
Period: to
Missionaries & Indians fight for education
Missionaries and local Indians fight for EIC to recognize education.
Missionaries had no power in EIC ruled India.
Fought in Britain, in the British Parliament. -
Baptist Mission arrives in India
Sets up various public missionary schools.
Translates Ramayana into English.
Translates Bible into different Indian Languages.
Starts the first English School -
Charter Act of 1813
Turning point in Indian Education system under the British. Recommendations:
- Crown over British India
- Indian Education = Primary duty of EIC
- Missionary = OK to spread education
- Assign 1 lakh rupees - for furthering education in India -
Utilitarian, Evangelists, Liberals - All favored British Education
- Utilitarian, Evangelists, Liberals - All favored British Education
- Orientalists - Wanted money (1 lakh) spent on expanding Oriental education.
- Anglicists - (even Indians like Rajaram Mohan Roy) wanted western education.
- 1 Lakh sum was too less to meet its original intended purpose.
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Macaulay's Minutes 1835
T.B. Macaulay - lawyer, educationist, chairman of Committee for Public Instruction. Minutes:
- English Education - Great! Oriental Education - Unholy, Corrupted
- Infiltration theory - to be used as Interpretors
- 1 Shelf of European books in library = whole Indian + Arab lit
- Creation of Black Europeans Purpose:
- Allow Indians to take up petty jobs in EIC offices
- Improve trade of European goods
- Downward Infiltration = Greater class difference -
Calcutta Medical College & Elphinstone College set up
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Persian and English
- English replaced by Persian as Court language
- Jobs for Civil servants -- English-speaking Indians
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Council of Education is formed
Public Instruction Committee is disbanded. -
Wood's Despatch
Charles Wood's - Chairman of the Board of Control.
Part of renewing Charter Act (every 20 years). Recommendations:
- to regularize the education system - from primary to University.
- to teach in both English and vernacular subjects
- to set up Department of Education in all regional areas
- to promote mass education - both public and private
- grant-in-aid system
- to promote women education
- to train teachers to teach
- to establish 3 universities - modeled after London University -
Indian Universities set up
Madras, Calcutta, Bombay Universities set up.
In line with the London University.
As a result of Wood's Despatch. -
Indian Education Commission - Hunter Commission
Need:
- Grant-in-aid was a failure Recommendations:
- Indigenous education
- Withdrawal of Govt from education
- Primary Education
- Bifurcation of Secondary Education
- Grant-in-aid
- Religious neutrality -
Committee to examine textbooks in Indian schools
Sir Edward Bayley - President Recommendations:
- Readers graduated according to increasing difficulty of idioms
- English books shd be entertaining - not just instructional
- Indians should study History of England -
Period: to
National Educational Movement/National Council for Education
Need:
- Urgency to introduce mother tongue learning
- Inadequacy of the prevailing edu system
- University education had failed Dawn Society - Founded in 1902
National Council for Education - 1906 Object of the council:
- Impart literary and technical education
- National education
- Running in parallel to the existing edu system -
Indian Universities Commission / Act (1904)
Need:
- Blaring issues in the universities
- London University was remodeled in 1898 Recommendations:
- Don’t recognize universities, recognize senates
- Proper representation of teachers in the senate
- University should closely monitor affiliated colleges
- Hostel for students -
National Council for Education
Need:
- Urgency to introduce mother tongue learning
- Inadequacy of the prevailing edu system
- University education had failed Dawn Society - Founded in 1902
National Council for Education - 1906 Object of the council:
- Impart literary and technical education
- National education
- Running in parallel to the existing edu system -
Gokhale's Resolution of 1910
Gopal Krishna Gokhale - Professor, INC President
Drafted in 1910, Presented in 1912.
Compulsory Primary Education.
Based on the Compulsory Education Acts of England.
Was rejected by the Imperial Legislative Council.
