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- negotiate the number of warships held by Japan, Britain, France and the US
- organised by the US who was not a member of the League of Nations
- Ratio of capital ships by the ton of Britain, the US, Japan, France and Italy: 5:5:3:1.67:1.67
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- held ambitions to build an Italian empire, to bring back the glory days of the Roman empire
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- failure because Britain and France refused to co-operate
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- negotiated between Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia
- Germany accepted its western borders and agreed to the demilitarisation of the Rhineland
- Weimar government agreed to settle disputes with above countries through the League
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- negotiation between 15 countries including the US, France, Germany, Britain, Italy and Japan
- agreement that force will not be used to settle disputes, but there was no way to enforce the pact
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- countries (including Britain, France and the US) introduced tariffs to protect their own industries and limit imports
- US banks called in loans, leading to collapse of banks and businesses, leading to unemployment
- countries (including Britain, Germany, Italy and Japan) began rearming to boost industry and create jobs
- helped bring radical regimes to power, existing regimes adopted more extreme and aggressive policies
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- focused on controlling the destructive power of offensive weapons
- the League produced resolutions to prohibit bombing of civilians and chemical warfare, as well as limit the size of artillery and tonnage of tanks
- almost 60 states could not agree on the definition of offensive and defensive weapons
- resolutions did not ensure how limitations on weapons would be achieved
- individual countries raised their own concerns
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- disagreements on how the Treaty of Versailles should be made fairer to Germany caused disputes
- France did not want Germany to rearm and demanded a much larger armed force or have the guarantee that the US and Britain fight alongside France
- other countries did not want to disarm, and this failure to agree on equality caused Germany to walk out
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- Hitler attended the conference and pretended to be interested in disarming, suggesting to not rearm Germany if all other nations disarmed in 5 years
- he appeared to be a supporter of peace and progress, while knowing that the other powers would not disarm to the same level, giving him the justification to rearm Germany
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- the German people voted in favour of withdrawing in a referendum
- Hitler withdrew, on the basis that Germany was being treated unequally
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- Mussolini used this as an excuse to claim the oasis as Italian territory
- he demanded an apology and began preparing the army for invasion
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- allowed Germany to build a navy up to 35% the size of the British navy, breaking the Treaty of Versailles
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- Hitler claimed the Saar (being run by the League at the time) belonged to Germany
- the League forced Hitler to agree to a plebiscite, where 90% of the people of the Saar voted to join Germany
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- a coalition formed to oppose Hitler's announced intention to rearm germany, which violated the Treaty of Versailles
- signed by Britain, France and Italy
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- between France and the USSR
- alarmed the British and created more sympathy for Germany
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- the foreign ministers of Britain and France wanted to give Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia, in exchange for him calling off the invasion
- was leaked to the French press, and was regarded as an act of treachery against the League
- both ministers were sacked and the plan was dropped
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- they also banned arms sales and all loans, as well as exports of rubber, tin and metals to Italy, as well as banning all imports from Italy
- the Suez Canal (owned by Britain and France) remained open to Italy's supply ships as Britain and France worried that closing it would start a war
- only 6 countries officially protested against Mussolini's actions
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- Hitler declared that the ban on entering the Rhineland from the Treaty of Versailles was no longer acceptable as the Treaty of Mutual Assistance had been signed
- claimed he had been encircled and had the right to place troops on his own borders
- Britain, France and the League were occupied with the Abyssinian Crisis and Germany faced no resistance
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- the Abyssinian Emperor, Haile Selassie, went into exile
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- a civil war in Spain broke out between the Republicans and the Nationalists
- Germany supplied the Nationalist leader with troops, aircraft and other equipment, as he shared similar beliefs
- was an opportunity to showcase German might
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- between Germany and Italy
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- signed by German and Japan to oppose the Communist International (Comintern), set up by the USSR with the goal of spreading communism by promoting uprisings
- also agreed not to sign any treaties with the USSR
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- Hitler encouraged the strong Nazi party in Austria to instigate a union with Germany
- he convinced the Austrian Chancellor, Kurt Schuschnigg, that order would be restored if German troops moved into Austria
- Schuschnigg appealed to Britain and France to force Hitler to withdraw but they did nothing
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- through voter intimidation and fraud, 99.75% of Austrian voters approved of the Anschluss
- Germany's size and stature through Austria's resources increased
- Britain and France did nothing to stop him despite the breaking of the Treaty of Versailles
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- Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia was populated by Germans
- Similarly to Austria, Hitler encouraged the Nazis in Sudetenland to stir up trouble and demand to join Germany
- He claimed to protect the Sudetenland Germans
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- Hitler moderated his demands, saying he would claim parts of Sudetenland with majority of Germans
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- claimed he needed to rescue to Germans who were being poorly treated by the Czechoslovak government
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- the leaders of Britain, France, Italy and Germany decide to give in Hitler's demands without consulting Czechoslovakia or the USSR
- they agreed to the whole of Sudetenland in exchange for a pledge of peace from Hitler
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- British media presented the Munich Agreement positively and war had been prevented
- however polls showed that the majority of the British people did not think appeasement would stop Hitler
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- Britain and France threatened to declare war on Germany if Hitler invaded Poland
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- interest was due to the large population of Germans and the desire for a transportation line across the Polish Corridor
- the Polish leader rejected these demands
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- Germany and the USSR agree not to attack each other, as well as agree to divide Poland between them
- Stalin was really just buying for time to get his forces ready in case Hitler turned against the pact
- Hitler needed to guarantee that the USSR wouldn't oppose the invasion of Poland, which might lead to Britain and France attacking
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- in support of Japan, possibly due to the Tripartite Pact