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Guido of Arezzo introduced the hexachord system as well was the four-line staff in his Micrologus.
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Introduced prolation which was essentially the division of a beat of music (Perfect/Imperfect & Major/Minor).
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Established what is widely regarded as the ideal rules for counter-point. Utilized stepwise melodic motion to create and then resolve dissonance. Also implemented leaps followed by stepwise motion in the opposite direction which is referred to as the Palestrina arch.
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One of the many works composed for St. Mark's in Venice, Italy. It was one of the first pieces to ever specify who plays what part. It was also important because it emphasized only loud and soft. There was no real grey area or transition between the two, hence the title.