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Nagi Model of Disability
Notion of pathology as an interruption in the body's natural processes, with an association with disease, traumatic injury, and other causes (etiologies), though no specifics regarding its association with diagnoses, is posited. -
Original WHO Model
Centers on disease and a medical model without taking into account the effects of disease on individuals. Rather, an emphasis is placed on disability as a result of an "exteriorized" pathology, giving rise to the notion of disability as something obviously impairing or abnormal about the person affected. This model gave rise to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework from WHO, understood to be a classification tool for both disability for health. -
Social Model of Disability
Moving towards an ecological model of disability, the social model emphasizes social causes and oppression and their effects on individuals as the root causes of disability. "Impairment" is a principal component of this model, rather than "pathology" or "disease" in the context of disability. -
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Models of Disability, Pope and Tarlov
Based on Nagi's model and conceptualization of pathology, these models also bring into focus the importance of preventing conditions from becoming disabling when they have the ability to, and also of minimizing the impact of these kinds of conditions on a person's overall quality of life and ability to contribute. These models take into account potential risk factors that can result in pathology--an important step towards the ecological model of disability. -
Verbrugge and Jette's Model of Disability
Expands on Nagi's model by referring to different classes of abnormalities, but in this case, these abnormalities are explicitly associated with specific diagnoses. Diagnosis is crucial to this model as the pathologies included in it depend on clinical significance. -
Second WHO Model, ICIDH-2
This model sought to refocus disability in the context of health rather than disease as put forth in the original 1980 WHO model. Definitions of disease and health conditions are not given in this model, but the potentially disabling effects of health conditions are given as examples.