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The fall of the Roman Empire happened in 476 CE when the last Roman emperor in the West was removed. Why it fell: Weak leaders and fighting inside the empire. Money problems and poor army. Invaders called barbarians attacked Rome.
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early middle ages began after Rome fell, with Germanic tribes invading and the Islamic Empire spreading.
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by 1000 CE, Europe saw the rise of nations like France and England, growing wealth from farming, a split in a catholic church, and the beginning of the Crusades over holy sites.
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The Battle of Manzikert (1071) saw the Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire, leading to the loss of Anatolia and weakening Byzantine control. This instability later helped spark the First Crusade.
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At the Council of Clermont (1095), Pope Urban II urged Christians to launch the First Crusade to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
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The Crusaders, after a long and bloody siege, capture Jerusalem during the First Crusade. This leads to the establishment of Crusader states in the Levant.
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The Second Crusade (1147–1149), led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, failed to recapture territories lost to the Muslims.
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The pivotal Battle of Hattin takes place where Saladin's forces defeat the Crusaders, leading to the recapture of Jerusalem. This prompts Pope Gregory VIII to call for the Third Crusade to reclaim the city.
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Philip II, Richard I, and Frederick I led the Third Crusade, reclaiming lands from Saladin. They failed to retake Jerusalem, but secured pilgrim access through a treaty.
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The late middle ages marked a decline a prosperity following the High middle ages. famines plagues like the Black Death killed millions, leading to widespread suffering.
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During the Fourth Crusade, instead of reaching the Holy Land, the Crusaders sack Constantinople, weakening the Byzantine Empire and causing divisions among Christians.
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The Hundred Years' War was a long succession of combat between England and France from 1337 to 1453. It began when English Norman rulers claimed their right to the French throne, and many battles were fought over territory and domination. The war introduced serious changes in combat and left lasting effects on both nations
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King Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He is famous for having six wives and for breaking away from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England.
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