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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights: The rights to protect an individuals freedom
-Congress of racial equality was dedicated to the civil rights reform through non violent action, by a group of students
-During the CORE's first action, a peaceful protest in a coffee shop, got them national attention and was then able to help spread CORE to other Northern Cities -
Jackie Robinson hired to the Brooklyn dodgers
-Color line: a barrier created by custom, laws and economic differences, which separated whites from non whites
-In 1945 Robinson crossed the color line when Branch Rickey hired him
-Robinson was the first black major league player, it wasn't easy for him because some of his own members resented playing with him and fans taunted him -
Executive order of 9981
-Segregation: Excluding someone because of their race or religion
-The executive order of 9981 was issued by president Harry S. Truman to end segregation in the military
-Because of truman's Order, desegregation became an official policy in the armed forces -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcom X: A religious group of black muslims, that promoted complete separation from the white society; Malcom x wrote the appeal of Muhammads teachings to African American Convicts
-Malcom X became the nation of Islams most effective preacher
-Malcom wanted to completely separate whites from blacks -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: fought for the right of African American children to have education in whichever school they wanted
-The ruling dismantled legal segregation in all white schools
-several cases that were taken through the court system at one time and go up the supreme court -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (start)
-Boycott & Rosa Parks: Rosa parks was a woman who got arrested for refusing to give her seat to a white person. Boycott is a protest
-The boycott resulted in the integration of Montgomery's bus system
-The organizers of the boycotts called themselves the MIA -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: A white mob surrounding 9 different new black students, harassing them and even trying to harm them.
- In 1957 a federal judge ordered certain schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, to begin desegregation.
-Troops even surrounded the 9 students to keep them from entering the school -
First lunch counter sit-in
-Jim Crow Laws & Sit-ins: A law enforcing segregation; A sit in was a protest where the protestors would sit down in a public place and refuse to move.
-The Student protestors would Sit down in "whites-Only" public areas and refuse to move.
-On one occasion 4 students proceeded to sit down and eat and were denied food, so they stayed at the place until closing time. -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: A peaceful protest against something protester disagrees with.
-CORE was involved with organizing these Freedom Rides.
-CORE ended up abandoning the Freedom Rides, bit SNCC continued them. -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-SCLC: An organization group created by Martin Luther King Jr. to use non violent resistance
-The protests began with sit ins and then street demonstrations
-King wrote his letter about how African Americans were using civil disobedience to protest segregation -
March on Washington
-NAACP: National Association for the advancement of colored people
- The people were inspired by King because of his "I have a dream speech"
-The march was a protest where over 250,000 people marched at the nations capital for jobs and freedom -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson: a constitutional law case that upheld state racial segregation laws
-The civil rights act was an act that banned discrimination against sex,race, religion, or national origin.
-The bill was supported by president Kennedy before his assassination -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise means not allowing people to vote
-Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965
-African Americans got the right to vote because of this Act -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission & ghettos: ghettos: parts of the city where people in a single ethnic group live.; Kerner commission: National advisory commission on civil disorders that thought that the whites racism was the cause of the watts riot
- A riot broke out in a ghetto in Los Angeles, because of frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police brutality.
-The watts riot lasted for six days, 34 people died, 900 were injured, and 4,000 were arrested -
Black Panther Party
-Black Power: the call by many african americans to have economic and political power
-The black panther party was a group that demanded economic and political rights and would take on violent action if necessary.
- The black panther party was willing to do whatever needed to be done to survive
-The black panthers provided many services like free breakfast programs -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination: judging someone because of age, race, religion, or on gender.
-In the civil rights act of 1968 this law put a ban on discrimination in sale, rental, and financing on housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex.
-After Kings assassination, congress passed this law on behalf of King -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation: ending a policy of racial segregation
-In the Swann V. Charlotte Board of education the supreme court ruled that busing was an acceptable way for school integration
-In 1971 the court supported the judges busing plan -
Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action: A policy where employers increase the number of minorities in their workforce
- In the California v. Bakke the supreme court ruled that race may be one factor in school admissions
-The court ended up ordering the university to admit bakke to medical school
