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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights-the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality -Congress of Racial equality is an organization founded in 1942 that was dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action -They went on to help desegregate public places in the north, and after focused on the south -
Dodgers Hire Jackie Robison
-Color Line- Separated whites from nonwhites -He was the first black baseball player, and some of his teammates felt uncomfortable to play with him -Players from other teams tried to hit him with the ball or spike him with their cleats -
Executive Order 9981
- Segregation-the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart -The executive order stated that, “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.
- This made is so there was no segregation allowed in the armed forces
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Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcom X- black muslims, guy who the appeal
-black nationalism is a doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society
-three members of the Nation of Islam assassinated Malcolm X while he was speaking in New York City. -
Brown vs. Board Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall- the lead attorney that argued the case -Brown vs Board of Education was actually a set of cases from Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington, D.C., that had moved up through the court system at the same time -13 parents joined together in efforts to desegregate the city school -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (Start)
- Boycott and Rosa Parks- Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat led to the bus boycott -To make the boycott work, African Americans in Montgomery organized an elaborate carpool system to get around town. Several thousand people used the carpools daily. Others walked, rode bicycles, took taxis, or hitchhiked -Some blacks got fired while others got it worse and were attacked by the KKK
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Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine- first nine black students who integrated into a white school -Little Rock Nine Students were not welcomed into their new school -Students were escorted with troops to school -
First Lunch Counter Sit In
- Jim Crow Laws & Sit-In-Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States -four African American students from North Carolina's Agricultural and Technical College sat down at a lunch counter in the Woolworth's drugstore in Greensboro. They ordered food, but the waitress refused to serve them, saying that only white customers could eat at Woolworth's -the first African American ate at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro
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Freedom Ride
-Civil Disobedience & SNCC-nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-7 blacks and 6 whites boarded two buses in Washington, D.C., and headed south
-white mob attacked the Freedom Riders. Mob followed the bus as it left town, threw a firebomb through the window, then beat the passengers as they fled the bus. Passengers on the second bus were also beaten when they arrived in Alabama -
Birmingham Campaign
-SCLC-Southern Christian Leadership Conference,African-American civil rights organization
Thirty protesters were arrested for marching at Birmingham City Hall without a permit
King and the SCLC joined forces with local Birmingham activists, led by Reverend Fred L. Shuttlesworth. Together they carefully planned a series of nonviolent actions against segregation -
March on Washington
-NAACPNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-Philip Randolph's goal was to protest unequal treatment of African Americans in the war industries
-The quarter of a million protesters included about 60,000 whites as well as union members, clergy, students, entertainers, and celebrities such as Rosa Parks and Jackie Robinson -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy vs. Ferguson-a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal"
-banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin
-the most important civil rights law passed since Reconstruction. -
Voting Act Rights of 1965
-Disenfranchise- deprived someone of the right to vote
-Voting Rights Act of 1965, the act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote
-By February, more than 3,000 had been arrested, charged with crimes such as “unlawful assembly.” -
Watts Riot + Kerner Commission
-Kerner Commission, ghettos-the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot,a part of a city where people belonging to a single ethnic group live
-Watts Riot is a 1965 race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment
-34 people died, almost 900 were injured, and nearly 4,000 were arrested -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power,the call by many civil rights activists, beginning in the mid-1960s, for African Americans to have economic and political power, with an emphasis on not relying on nonviolent protest
-a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
-Other demands included jobs, decent housing, “education that teaches our true history,” and “an immediate end to police brutality.” -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination- the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex
-a law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
-It also gave the federal government the authority to file lawsuits against those who violated the law. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-Desegregation-the ending of a policy of racial segregation
-the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
-Under the judge's desegregation plan, some students, including very young ones, would be bused to schools outside their neighborhoods to create more racially balanced schools. -
Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke
-Affirmative Action-a policy that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce
-a 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
-However, it also said that racial quotas were unconstitutional—that race could not be used as the only criterion. Therefore, the Court ordered the university to admit Bakke to medical school.
