-
Wilsons 14 points
14: League of Nations to settle disputes -
Treaty of Neully
Deal with Bulgaria
Main points:
Lost some land
Lost access to the sea
Made Bulgaria disarm -
Treaty of St. Germain
Deal with Austria
Main points:
Separated Austria from Hungary
Stopped Austria joining with Germany
Land taken away eg. Bosnia
Made Austria disarm
Created new countries (see above) -
Royal Commission
In 1919 a Royal Commission was appointed to decide whether or not to return the mines to private ownership. The Commission recommended that the Government should keep the coal mines -
Period: to
General Strikes
The Samuel Report was fair but nobody liked it
The General Strike began when the subsidy ended
The strikers couldn’t close the country down -
The Treaty of Versailles was signed
-
Treaty of Trianon
Deal with Hungary
Main points:
Land taken away eg. Croatia
Made Hungary disarm
Created new countries -
Treaty of Sèvres
Deal with Turkey
Main points:
Lost land – part of Turkey became new mandates eg. Syria
Lost control of the Black Sea -
Period: to
League of Nations successful
- It solved the disputes: o Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia o Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands o When Greece invaded Bulgaria
- It also did a lot of good work to help refugees after the war
- It fought against slavery, and tried to create better working conditions for people all across the world
-
Period: to
problems which existed in international affairs
- Defeated countries were angry they had been forced to disarm
- The benefits of the Dawes and Young Plans were wiped out by the economic Depression
- Countries began to make agreements without the League of Nations
- Germany agreed to its Western Borders at Locarno, but nothing about the East (Czechoslovakia and Poland)
- No-one knew what’d happen if a country broke the Kellogg-Briand Pact
-
Period: to
Boom and Bust
Changes in European Politics
The Italian Democracy soon ran into trouble
The rise of Fascism seemed to be unstoppable
Many countries were now becoming dictatorships The Booming Twenties
Most countries were getting richer
Behind the prosperity were signs of trouble
Many European countries had US debts -
Period: to
idea of dictatorship become popular in some European countries
Democracy was rejected by people who felt betrayed by the Peace Treaties and the poor living conditions since the War finished –instead dictators were coming to power -
Period: to
German economy become dependent on American loans
Germany, which had relied on USA loans, was particularly badly affected, with banks failing, exports suffering and unemployment rising -
Hungary gave up democracy
-
8 million people trade unions
-
Amalgamated Engineering Union
-
The big three won (France, Britain and USA)
Germany was forced to pay £6.6 billion in reparations –payments for the damage caused.
The Rhineland was demilitarized. Germany’s armed forces were reduced to 100,000 men, only volunteers, without armored vehicles, aircraft, or submarines, and only 6 warships -
Washington Conference
USA, Britain & France reduced size of Navies -
Period: to
The main agreements
There seemed to be a real chance of peace
But all of these agreements had problems -
Transport and General Workers’ Union
-
Rapallo Treaty
Russia & Germany resumed diplomatic relations -
The League failed to sort out the Corfu Incident
Mussolini wanted both apologize and money compensation after the murder of Italian diplomat, invading the Greek island of Corfu. The League argued in favor of compensation. Finally, Mussolini received money and apologizes: the League was weak, very weak -
Mussolini establish a dictatorship in Italy
He changed the voting rules, and in the next elections of 1924 the Fascists swept to power, beginning to change Italy into a dictatorship, ridding of other political parties and became the Head of State -
elections of 1924
Mussolini first come to power because He changed the voting rules, and in the next elections of 1924 the Fascists swept to power, beginning to change Italy into a dictatorship, ridding of other political parties and became the Head of State: Il Duce (the leader) -
Turkey gave up democracy
-
Geneva Protocol
Tried to make countries use the League to sort out disputes -
Dawes Plan
USA plan to lend money to Germany and extend payments -
Mussolini to get rid of political opponents in Italy
Mussolini had used terror to win power
Some sources said in 1924 that he had murdered Matteotti, a leading opposition politician
He used a harsh secret police called the OVRA against his opponents -
The Labour Party get into government
-
Locarno Treaties
Germany agreed to western borders set at Versailles -
Poland gave up democracy
-
The League of Nations
By 1926, Germany’s economy was stronger and had been accepted into the League of Nations -
Lithuania gave up democracy
-
Trades Disputes Act
The Act made it illegal for a union to join a general strike or a sympathy strike (one where you go on strike to support workers from a different union) -
Albania gave up democracy
-
Kellogg-Briand Pact
65 nations agreed not to use force to settle arguments -
The Wall Street Crash 1929
People selling shares=>prices dropped=>business collapsed and people ruined=>banks couldn’t keep value of shares artificially because no money=>banks failed=>government should not interfere -
Period: to
The breakdown of international order
The Depression Continues
The key political effects of the Depression
The effects of Depression on the major powers The rise of the dictators
Factors in the rise of the dictators Japanese expansion
Japan was seen as a threat by the USA
Japanese aggression led to the Manchurian Crisis
The League of Nations failed to stop Japan
The League was weakened -
Lateran Treaty
They created the Vatican City, an independent state -
Young Plan
Reduced reparations by 75% gave Germany 59 years to pay -
The political situation changed in Spain
-
Oswald Mosley’s ‘Blackshirt’ fascist party
-
The Import Duties Act of 1932 helped British industry
-
Import Duties Act
This made goods coming from abroad more expensive than British goods and increased sales of British products
This 10% tax also gave the Government a valuable new income -
The aims of Adolf Hitler
He wanted to reverse the results of the Versailles Treaty, and bring all the former German peoples back under his control -
Mussolini invaded Abyssinia
-
Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland
-
Japan signed a treaty with Germany
-
Germany send troops
Into the Rhineland
The League of Nations was busy with the Italian invasion of Abyssinia
Britain protested but refused to act -
Unemployment Assistance board
The Unemployment Assistance Board took over organizing the dole and Means Tests, labour exchanges (job centres) and training schemes to help people learn skills which would get them jobs in different parts of the country -
Japan starts invading China
-
Spanish Civil War
Italy and Germany joined in on the side of the Right-Wing Nationalists, and 1600 people were killed at the town of Gernika by a German warplane attack -
Hitler pressurized Czechoslovakia
-
Mussolini had used terror to win powerSome sources said in 1924 that he had murdered Matteotti, a leading opposition politicianHe used a harsh secret police called the OVRA against his opponents
No one in Britain wanted a war (Treaty of Versailles had been unfair to Germany -
Nazi-Soviet pact
They agreed not to attack each other, and also planned to carve up another country: Poland -
Britain declared war on Germany
-
Hitler invaded Poland
This was too much: Britain and France ordered him to leave