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1 CE
Diabetes was first described and named
Diabetes was named and described by Aratacus of Cappadocia. -
300
Ancient Indians noted diabetics urine
Ancient Indians noted that ants congregated around diabetic's urine. -
Smell of Urine noted
The sweet smell of urine of diabetic indiviudals was noted by Oxford physician, Thomas Willis. -
Diabetic patient treated
A diabetic patient was treated with a dietary restriction because we only knew the polyuria aspect of diabetes. -
Before Insulin was available
Children were fed a cup of oil because it was thought that oil would help process food. -
Discovery that liver stored glycogen
Claude Bernard found that the liver stored glycogen and secreted a sugary substance in the blood. He also found out that when pricking an conscious animal's brain, they will get temporary diabetes -
Discovery that the removing the pancreas causes diabetes
Von Mering disproved Bernard's theory when he figured out that removing the pancreas caused diabetes. From this, him and his partner tried to figure out how to extract the antidiabetic substance from the pancreas. They were not successful. -
Treatment for diabetes
One treatment option was taking a daily alkaline-sponge bath with lots of friction. Along with this, patients were prescribed lead sugar because they though this would decrease the flow of sugar. If these options did not work, then they received two-drops of clear opium. -
Discovery of Insulin
Frederick Banting tried to find the antidiabetic substance (insulin) in Canada. He was not successful. Although, a visiting professor of biochemistry, J.B. Collip, had successful results. He conducted an experiment with two diabetic dogs: one control and one experimental. Collip prepared an extract from an atrophied dog. The control dog died and the experimental dog only died because they ran out of extract. -
First human received insulin
A fourteen-year-old was the first human patient to receive insulin made by Banting and Best. Their insulin failed. -
Purified Injections were made
Collip made purified injections and it works. The news spread worldwide, really quickly. A girl named Eli Lilly learned how to make it and became very successful with manufacturing it. -
Severe Insulin Shortage
In Toronto, a serious insulin shortage began due to everybody using it. -
Insulin Produced Commercially
By the end of 1923, insulin started to get made commercially and was used to treat diabetes in most Western countries. -
Insulin was crystallized
J.J. Abel crystallized insulin. -
Lente Insulins were introduced
Lente insulin was faster acting than the previous insulin and took about one to two hours to low blood glucose levels. Therefore, it was a more effective option. -
Discovery of the two chains of 51 amino acids
Frederick Sanger, a Nobel prize winner, discovered that two chains of 51 amino acids are linked by disulphide bridges. -
Improvement of Scientific Investigation
The scientific investigation of insulin was improved by using immunoassay, which was discovered by Solomon Berson and Rosalind Yalow. -
Discovery of 3D structure of insulin
Dorothy Hodgin discovered the 3D structure of insulin. -
Different types of Insulin and Different ways to insert it
Types of Insulin: Rapid acting (Humalog), Short acting (R insulin), Intermediate acting (Lente insulin), Long-acting Insulin (Lantus)
Delivery Systems: Injections with a syringe, insulin pens, external insulin pumps, inhalable insulin, insulin jet injectors -
How insulin is made today
Insulin is made by recombinant DNA technology, which allows us to have nearly an unlimited supply of insulin. -
Future of Insulin
Scientists are trying to develop an "artificial pancreas" system. Goal: not use human intervention and mutate cells to allow insulin to interact correctly in diabetics