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Naturalization Act
Started conception in the late 1800s. This Act was signed by Theodore Roosevelt and was a response to the grand influx of immigrants during the time. In order to become naturalized/a citizen, one needed to learn how to speak English, before coming to America. This would also later affect children as Undocumented/non-naturalized children would have a harder time getting education. -
Meyer vs Nebraska
Meyer was fined by the State of Nebraska for conducting a religious reading in German. Meyer ending up taking his appeal up to the Supreme Court which overturned the ruling, which they stated it was a violation of the Due Process Clause (The teacher has a right to teach what they want and the parents can say whether their child can/cannot learn it.) Meyer VS Nebraska Further Info -
Bilingual Education Act
Idea proposed by Ralph Yarborough, this act provided federal funding for school districts wanting to develop bilingual education programs. It is a stepping stone that allows students to pertain a bit of their culture while still learning about the new one they live in. Would later get amendments. Compromise
Amendments -
Equal Educational Opprotunities Act
(Was introduced year prior but wasn't in affect until 1974)
The US policy that says anyone enrolled in school are entitled to an equal educational opportunity disregarding race, gender, color, or national origin. Seems self-explanatory but it opened the door to education for all...ideally. That didn't stop legislature's from finding loopholes. Congress.gov -
Texas Makes it Difficult for Immigrant Education
Texas passed a Legislation that allows schools to make entry difficult for foreign-born students how they see fit. Some had a high fines while others required documentation. This concept caught on to a few towns/area's nearby. Immigrant children start to suffer as education options dwindle. -
Castaneda vs Pickard Ruling
(Went to Court August 17, 1978).
A case that highlighted segregation and failing bilingual education programs. Castaneda won due to the Equal Educational Opportunities Act. The result was that school districts had to be tested for three aspects to make sure they were properly teaching English to immigrants...& to keep grants. Castaneda vs Pickard Summary -
Plyler vs Doe
A response case to Texas' legislation that denied funding and allowed schools to make difficult entry for undocumented children and charge tuition fees for each student (upwards of 1,000). The rule that Texas violated the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. Results such as these have protected children from unfair acts such as these for years. -
Reauthorization of Bilingual Education Act
Created in 1968, the re-authorization showed a higher preference to programs promoting bilingualism and took indigenous languages into account. This allows students to know their heritage and be themselves while providing them with well education. This year also showed an increase in funds/grants as the government tries to help more. -
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9/11 and it's Aftermath
9/11 had a huge affect on society. People had to navigate contradictions in religion, self, & society.There was/is a heightened biased & stereotyping in school along with discrimination & bullying. Placed in ESL due to ethnicity no matter what. It also strengthened ICE & "preventative measures" that don't work. Both which has recently caused many families to be split & people to suffer. Muslim American Youth -
No Child Left Behind
No Child Left Behind was constructed not just for those with disabilities but for students in low income & various different racial & ethnic groups. Ideally it was to help lift everyone & get them on the same page. Realistically, it lowered expectations, put a strain on education professionals, and made all students worse off, especially those who didn't know English. Challenges for students -
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Future
There is no denying that we have made progress overtime. However, there is still a bit of work to do as, even with things such as Title VI and EEOA, there is still discrimination against students. It may not be to the affect of impossible acceptance into the school but it still affects the students lives, schooling/learning, and social lives. We're going in the right direction but we're not done yet. We just need to keep moving forward.
