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A literary and artistic movement, A radical break with the past and concurrent search for new forms of expression happened during modernism. Modernism fostered a period of experimentation in the arts and literature.In an era, which was characterized by industrialization, rapid social change, advances in science and the social sciences, Modernists felt a growing alienation incompatible with Victorian morality, optimism, and convention. Searched for an authentic response to a much-changed world. Q
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Victorian era ends after the death of Queen Victoria
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Eric Arthur Blair also knwon as George Orwell is born in INDIA
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British author and journalist. The creator of the character of James Bond and chronicled Bond's adventures in twelve novels and nine short stories.Over 100 million copies of Bond novels have been sold worldwide.in 2008, The Times ranked Fleming fourteenth on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
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If-. a poem written in 1896 by the then-31-year-old Rudyard Kipling, but first published in the "Brother Square Toes"
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Notions of alienation, futility and godlessness characteristic of modernist literature stemmed in part from the atrocity of World War I. The War Poets, in particular Wilfred Owen and Isaac Rosenberg, captured the war's brutality. 1917 was a pivotal year for Owen; while being treated for shell-shock at a private hospital, he met influential poets Siegfried Sassoon and Robert Graves and wrote two of his most important war poems, "Dulce et Decorum Est" and "Anthem for Doomed Youth."
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James Joyce's autobiographical novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, depicts Ireland as a subjugated nation from which the artist must flee in order to achieve autonomy.
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Considered exemplary of High Modernism, T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land and James Joyce's Ulysses break with traditional literary techniques. The Waste Land is an epic poem, depicts modern Europe as a culture in need of purgation and redemption. Ulysses depicts a single day in Dublin structured loosely around Homer's Odyssey.
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Set in India, this most important of E.M. Forster's novels exposes some of the difficulties of colonial rule. A Passage to India illustrates the inevitability of Britain's loss of power abroad.
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With novel, Radclyffe Hall sought to liberate the British novel from social conventions by depicting lesbianism in realistic terms
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W.H. Auden's formidable career as a poet began in earnest with this early publication of short, rather cryptic works based on personal experience. As his style developed, Auden became known for his technical skill, wit, and provocative imagery.
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was mostly represented in theatres did not have any certain plot meaning etc.
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During the 1930s, the innovative spirit of the modernist era began to unfold. Aldous Huxley's satirical novel depicts the perils of technological advancement, consumption and socio-political stasis.
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Finnegans Wake, Joyce's final tour-de-force, further pushed the boundaries of literature. Many consider the publication of this work to mark the end of the Modernist era; after the Wake and the onset of World War II, critics recognize the beginning of the post-Modern era.
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Considered one of the finest British satirists, Waugh achieved fame with the publication of this novel about Oxford in the late 1920s. Waugh's disenchantment with the war, in which he served, led him to write this highly nostalgic story.
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Emerged from modernism, but is difficult to define. Postmodernism reacts against earlier modernist principles, reintroduces traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes. Usually characterized by fragmented forms, discontinuous narratives, and random-seeming collages of different materials.
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Dylan Thomas, notorious for his alcoholic outbursts, wrote some of the most rhapsodic poetry in British literary history. In this collection, Thomas published "Fern Hill," a pastoral elegy based on summers spent at his aunt's dairy farm. A later collection, In Country Sleep, included his most famous poem, "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night," a villanelle of the carpe diem spirit.
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Orwell's satirical novel is widely acknowledged as the major work of his career. Disturbed by the brutality of government during the war era, Orwell conceived of a dystopic society characterized by totalitarian rule, personal loss of freedom, and violence.
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Early on the morning of 21 January 1950, an artery burst in his lungs, killing him at age 46.
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A group of male British writers who created visceral plays and fiction at odds with the political establishment and a self-satisfied middle class.
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Breakthrough in the theatre of absurd
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The very first James Bond (007) novel. The novel paved the way for 11 other James Bond novels by Ian Fleming and for many more by other authors. The 36th and so far the last James Bond novel is "Devil May Care" by Sebastian Faulks, published on 28 May 2008
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one of the finest works of John Osbourne and by the movement of angry young men
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n this grand novel set in the Caribbean, V. S. Naipaul challenges the reader to conceptualize a reversed world order in which the peripheral is in fact central. By questioning the moral validity of empires and investigating the consequences of foreign rule on native communities, A House for Mr. Biswas marks a new trend in English literature, the postcolonial novel.
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Salman Rushdie's novel about Indian history and independence was an immediate success for both its political content and its innovative use of literary techniques such as magic realism. Like V. S. Naipaul before him, Rushdie contributed to a growing body of postcolonial literature based on the British Empire.
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The thirty-sixth James Bond novel. Written by Sebastian Faulks, published on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Bond creator Ian Fleming's birth.
