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The invention of spectacles was in 1285, but it is unknown who invented them. It is highly debated on when spectacles were actually made though.
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The microscope was invented by Hans & Zacharias Janssen between 1590-1610 in The Netherlands.
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovvered cells by the use of a microscope. He reported that he found "little animals" in samples that he collected. Leeuwenhoek's work was was inspired by Robert Hooke who used an instrument like the microscope to observe cork cells.
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A German named C.F. Wolf came up with a general cell theory.
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Matthaias Jakob Schleiden who looked at many plant samples. He was the first person to recognize that plants are composed of cells.
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Theodor Schwann published " Microscopic Investigaitons on the Accordance in the Structure and Growht of Plants and Animals" this included the first statement of cell theroy; All living things are made up of cells.
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Gregor Mendal is knows as the father of genetics because of his experimenting with pea plants.
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In 1858, Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from other pre-exsisting cells. This is known as the Biogenic Law.
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Charles Darwin published a book "On the Origin of Species" talking about units of heredity and varitations in species.
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Carl Zeisse produced the first oil immerson objective. The design came from Ernest Abbe, he was the founder of the "optical theory of microscope lenses."
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Louis Pasteur set out to disprove spontaneous generation. When he proved spontaneous generation was true, cell theory was known to be true.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that genes were located on chromosones; he discovered that X Y chromosones and sex-linked traits.
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Edwin Hubble began using the 100-inch Hooker Telescope and he found "nebulae" which were out of the Milkey Way.
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After many years of using the 100-inch Hooker Telescope Edwin Hubble, he found that the universe was not made up of just our galaxy, but millions of others. Also that galaxies were moving away from eachother due to expansion of the universe.
Scientists now believe there are over 125 billion gaaxies in the universe. -
In 1930 Fritz Zernike found that with using the phase angle rays he could see unstaied cells. Eventually after being told "If this had any practical value, then we would have invented it a long time ago," he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his phase work.
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In 1931 Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska built the first electron microscope.
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University of Yale found that injecting white blood cells into the blood steam can kill of cancer cells. This became known as chemotherapy.
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Oswald T. Avery discovered that DNA it self is repsponsible for heredity.
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Porter & Blum built the first ultra-microtome microscope in 1951.
