-
Civil Rights
By declaring that all persons born here in the US are citizens this act provides that it was illegal to discriminate against individuals on the basis of color, race or whether they were a slave. This in turn would help in future litigation and provide remedy for those affected in the education system (Smith, Polloway, Patton & Dowdy, 2011). https://youtu.be/UcjYl55T-IQ -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court ordered that it was legal to segregate individuals and have separate facilities as long as they were equal. However, separate is not equal as we learn throughout the civil rights movement. This decision would not be corrected until Brown v. Board 58 years later (Smith, Polloway, Patton & Dowdy, 2011). https://youtu.be/slDT-ac8Ft4 -
CEC Advocacy Group
The Council for Exceptional Children is an organization that is considered the first advocacy group for children with disabilities. The group came around in 1922 out of New York City at Columbia University. This group is one of the largest special education advocacy groups. The objective of this advocacy group was to ensure that children with a disability received services.
https://youtu.be/54bB1J24XDw -
National Association for Retarted Citizens ( NARC)
The NARC was created in the 1950's. NARC was formed by 23 individual advocacy groups that had the same beliefs, so they became one to be more influential. During the passing of IDEA, there were over 200,000 members. NARC helps with litigation and seeing that critical precedents through judicial process is met. https://youtu.be/fBHq0X_J4ak -
Brown v. Board of Education
This landmark court case overturned the Plessy v. Fergusen case saying that "Separate is NOT equal". This court case brought to attention not only black v. white in the schools, but also special needs students v. normal students. With this case, many advocacy groups were formed to help inform the nation of the problem with the US special education programs. https://youtu.be/DLRN8Z4dHWY -
Millis v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
This case involved the court establishing due process procedures to ensure all students had equal rights. This was a procedural law that was later included in Public Law No. 94-142. The Board of the District of Columbia denied access to education for students who were special needs. The Court found that free public educational services, or a suitable private alternative paid for by the board of education, must be delivered based on the students' individual needs, regardless of cost (Smith, -
Pennsylvania Assocaiation for Retarded Citizens v. Pennsylvania. & Mills v. D.C. Board of Education
The federal court decided that children with mental disabilities would be provided with free and appropriate public education. These cases provided a legal standing to challenge officials denying equal opportunity. These cases brought to attention that students with disabilities should not be excluded and should have equal protection under the law. http://www.learningrx.com/a-historical-view-of-special-education-faq.htm -
Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act
This act allows protection from discrimination against special needs and disabilities. This law is considered the first law put into place giving protection to students with special needs. This law includes FAPE and LRE. A student is eligible when they have a mental or physical disability that deters their learning ability. https://youtu.be/XM3VKnGbAPE -
PL 94-142
The PL 94-142- The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was placed into law. Special education advocacy groups rejoiced this day because that's when President Ford signed this into law. This is the most important piece of legislation signed because it secured a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. https://youtu.be/UYPDSIpxAgY -
Board of Ed. of HHCD v. Rowley
This landmark case designed the Rowley Two-Part test in determining whether or not FAPE is being met according to the student's IEP. The two part test consists of the questions " has the school complied with the procedures of IDEA" and "is the IEP, developed through the procedures of the Act, reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefit." If the two questions are answered correct, then FAPE and IDEA has been met. https://youtu.be/vIXSW-DYVm8 -
American with Disabilities Act ( ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act was signed into law on July 26, 1990 by President George W. Bush. This act guarantees that people with special needs have the same rights as others in all places. This included school and work. This act also ruled that people with special needs would not be discriminated against in the school, workforce, or everyday society such as public transportation. https://youtu.be/VSeoVDZOwpg -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA)
The individuals with disabilities education act was signed into law almost thirty years after PL 94-142 by President George W. Bush. The concept of IDEA was first brought to the senate table by Iowa's own Tom Harkin in 1989. This law included 6 pillars: FAPE, LRE, IEP, evaluation, parent/student participation, and procedural safeguards for all participants. This law also included 4 sections, A-D.
https://youtu.be/7-gLtV3QL-M -
No Child Left Behind ( NCLB)
No Child Left Behind was signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2002. This law calls for all students to be proficient in math and reading by the year 2014. This law has been seen both negatively and positively. Some states are even partitioning to opt out of NCLB. Schools are supposed to report their scores for the AYP, some have been proven to have cheated, while others are honest on whether or not their school district is proficient or not. https://youtu.be/0--2nhsDorg -
IDEA Reauthorized
IDEA 2004 was signed into law by President George W. Bush. This reauthorization of IDEA made many changes to the original IDEA. The changes included the IEP, due process, and student discipline. https://youtu.be/VBPEQyobakA