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Engel v. Vitale
In 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the state of New York's Regents prayer violates the First Amendment in the case of Engel v. Vitale. The ruling specified that "state officials may not compose an official state prayer and require that it be recited in the public schools of the State at the beginning of each school day. . . " This event impacted multicultural education because it was not forcing children of many different cultures to participate in specific religious rituals at school. -
Civil Rights Act
in 1964, the Civil Rights Act becomes law. This law prohibits discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion or national origin. This event impacted multicultural education because it identifies that all students should receive the same education, despite any differences. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed in 1965. As a part of Lyndon Johnson's "War on Poverty," it provided federal funds to help low-income students. This impacted multicultural education because it initiated other educational programs such as Title I and bilingual education, allowing students who were having a tough time receiving education, receive it. -
Immigration Act
Lyndon Johnson signed the Immigration Act of 1965 on this day, also known as the Hart-Cellar Act. It abolished the National Origins formula, resulting in unprecedented numbers of Asians and Latin Americans immigrating to the United States. This impacted multicultural education because America's classrooms became much more diverse because of this act and the increasing number of immigrants. -
Equality of Educational Opportunity Study
The Equality of Educational Opportunity Study is often called the Coleman Report because of the primary author James S. Coleman. This study was conducted in response to provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It impacted multicultural education because it came to the conclusion that African American children benefit from attending integrated school. This study/report set the stage for school "busing" to achieve desegregation, creating more diverse classrooms. -
Equal Educational Opportunities Act
The Equal Educational Opportunities Act was passed. It prohibits discrimination and requires schools to take action to overcome barriers which prevent equal protection. This impacted multicultural education because this act is particularly important in protecting the rights of students with limited English proficiency. -
Milliken v. Bradley
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that outside suburbs were not responsible for segregation within Detroit city schools in the case of Milliken v. Bradley. The District Court stated that they could not "redraw the lines . . .to achieve racial balance." This impacted multicultural education because it began to show how the U.S. was giving up on integration by busing. This stated that the busing of students from Detroit to suburban schools was not required by law, increasing segregation of suburbs. -
Emergency Immigrant Education Act
The Emergency Immigrant Education Act is enacted to provide services and offset the costs for school districts that have rather large numbers of immigrant students. This impacted multicultural education because it helped to decrease the achievement gap regarding immigrant students, many who are often behind or not proficient in English. -
Proposition 227
California voters pass Proposition 227. This requires all public school instruction be in English. This impacts multicultural education because it does not use bilingual teaching, which can be beneficial in teaching English. -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is approved by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush on this day. The law, which reauthorizes the ESEA of 1965 and replaces the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, requires testing, holds schools accountable for student achievement, and provides penalties for schools that don't meet NCLB. This impacts multicultural education because it holds crucial testing for these types of low-income/immigrant students.