-
Due to the belief in abnormal behavior caused by demonic possessions, medicine men used trephination to extract the demons by drilling holes in the individual's skull. This procedure became far from the Hippocratic oath of "First, do no harm." -
B.F. Skinner theorized operant conditioning via electrical shocks on animals like mice. His theory is based on the idea that an individual's behavior was based on their response to stimuli that occur in the environment they are found. However, this experiment attracted little attention compared to Stanley Milgram's shock experiment on humans. -
Nazi regime leaders had to answer for their crimes during WWII before an International Military Tribunal.
-
The Nuremberg Code is a 10-point statement meant to prevent future abuse of human subjects during experimental trials. It states that all participants/subjects in research must be voluntary.
-
Milgram (1963) experiments "obedience to authority" to justify the acts of genocide by those who were accused in the Nuremberg Trials. Specifically leaders of the Nazi Regime who took direct orders to commit such crimes during World War II.
-
Zimbardo (1971) Prison Experiment revealed how reasonable people could become unreasonable through a mock prison that resembled a real prison environment and even sadistic when backed by ideological authority.
-
The Belmont Report was a summary of the ethical principles of the National Commissions for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research that formed the basis of acceptable human-subjects research. Which clarified research in three areas:
1. The distinction between therapeutic practice and research;
2. Established ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence;
3. Justice, evidenced by a fair balance between research benefits and burdens. -
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 states, "...establishes the conditions under which protected health information may be used or disclosed by covered entities for research purpose."
