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The Common School Movement was the effort to fund schools in every community with public dollars. Horace Mann, who was elected Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, began the movement. He was an American educational reformer and Whig politician who was known for his commitment to public education.
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Plessy appeared white but had some African American ancestry who bought a train ticket and sat in a whites-only car. The conductor then asked him to leave the car after he confirmed he was black. After he refused, he was arrested and filed a lawsuit claiming that the separate car law violates his rights The supreme court ruled against Plessy 7-1 and the "separate but equal" doctrine was in effect. The quality of education towards African-American students was anything but equal.
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Oliver Brown sued the Topeka, Kansas Board of Education on behalf of his daughter, Linda. Linda lived only a few blocks away from a local elementary school but was forced to travel over an hour to attend an all-black school she was assigned to. Brown's lawyer argued that segregated schools were harmful. The supreme court unanimously ruled in favor of brown, that racial segregation in public schools violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
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"no person in the United States shall, on the grounds of race, color or nationality, be denied the benefits of… or be subjected to discrimination under any government-funded facility…". The act prohibits discrimination in public accommodations and federally funded programs. This also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools
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"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." Title IX was initially was passed to enforce the civil rights act of 1964 and allow female students to attend college and participate in sports without discrimination.
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A class action was filed against the school district in San Francisco, California, claiming Chinese-American students weren't receiving academic support for English Language Learners. The district court initially denied relief, but the supreme court then unanimously ruled that the lack of supplemental instruction for ELL students violated the civil rights act of 1964. Afterward, ELL students were able to receive a meaningful education without being fully immersed in the English language.
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IDEA, formally known as Education for all Handicapped Children Act, required all public schools receiving federal funds to provide equal access to education to students with physical and mental disabilities.
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Mr. Castaneda claimed a school district in Texas was racially and ethnically discriminating against Mexican-American Students.
Claimed that the school district didn't provide sufficient bilingual programs. Initially lost the court case, but Mr. Castaneda appealed to the supreme court and ultimately won. The court decision established a three-part assessment for determining bilingual education programs meet requirements. (Sound, practice, and assessment) -
Undocumented children were denied education in the state of Texas.
The Supreme court ruled that it violated the 14th Amendment, and undocumented children can't be denied free education. -
Parents of Miriam Flores filed a lawsuit claiming that the school violated the Equal Education Opportunity Act. The plaintiffs claimed that public school districts allowed students to exit LEP programs when students still lacked English language and reading comprehension skills. The federal district court ruled in favor of Flores due to flaws in the public school system. Now ELL students will be provided with special instruction to make them proficient in English.
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An update to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, The No Child Left Behind Act passed to emphasize that states and schools boost certain groups of students' performance. Such as English-language learners, students in special education, and poor and minority children, whose achievement, on average, trails their peers. States did not have to comply with the new requirements, but they risked losing federal Title I money if they didn't.
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The Every Student Succeeds Act is a US law passed in December 2015 that governs the United States K–12 public education policy. The law replaced its predecessor, the No Child Left Behind Act, and modified but did not eliminate provisions relating to students' periodic standardized tests. Enforces educational institutions to adapt to a more challenging curriculum while still enforcing the annual standardized testing and reporting results into a database.
