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Averaged less than 82 days
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Thomas Jefferson proposes three years of guaranteed education for all children. During this stage the brighter children could be identified and sent on to further schooling
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Popular forerunner to Webster's dictionary became a schoolhouse staple
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Horace Mann, Massachusetts Secretary of Education, tours schools and identifies shortcomings and inequalities
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Following a negative environment for Irish and Catholic students in Protestant public schools, Bishop Hughes calls for public funds for Catholic schools. A debate ensues about religion in schools
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The elected board replaced the Public School Society
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Court rules against Roberts, who sued to allow his daughter to attend white schools
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Archbishop Hughes uses his influence to expand Catholic schools
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Segregation allowed when "separate but equal"
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Early text on school reform
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Massive growth leads Gary, IN, to institute revolutionary new schools with large, community-oriented facilities. Curriculum is well-rounded, including traditional academics as well as practical life skills.
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The I.Q. test is created, leading to a standardized testing to determine intelligence.
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New Yorkers largely reject the "Gary Plan." Immigrants fear it will result in steering their children towards manual labor careers instead of college and professional careers.
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US Supreme Court rules to end school segregation. Enforcement, however, is very limited.
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Discontinued federal funding to segregated schools
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Gave an unprecedented 4 billion dollars to education system
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Following a failure to meet the need of the Mexican-American community, four out of seven school board members are replaced with Mexican-Americans. Many "anglo" students leave as new educational policies are enacted.
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As some areas were either naturally concentrated with one ethnic group or specially zoned to be so, students are bussed around to different schools to balance races.
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Allows increased opportunies for women in schools
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East Harlem, the worst performing region in New York, launches an experiment where numerous small, specialized schools are created within existing buildings. These schools typically have a specific focus to keep students interested. Non-specialized programs also improve to keep students.
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President Ronald Reagan reveal a new report, "A Nation at Risk," showing sharp declines in basic knowledge in schools. While many disagree with the findings, it leads to incorporation of marketplace concepts to the education system, with student test results being interpreted as the "profit."
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Wisconsin begins a voucher system that allows certain students to attend private schools with public school funds.
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Baltimore contracts with a private firm to manage local schools. While cost of maintenance and operations go down, the students do not make significant gains. The program is ended.
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Charter Schools begin to expand, allowing for specialized schools that can be established by almost anyone and use public funds.