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Hans Hautsch constructed a clockwork-driven carriage in Nuremberg, one of the earliest self-propelled vehicle demonstrations.
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Ferdinand Verbiest built a small-scale steam-powered vehicle for the Kangxi Emperor, representing the first working steam propulsion in a carriage form.
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Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his experimental steam artillery tractor (fardier à vapeur) in France; despite its impracticality, it marks the first full-scale steam road vehicle.
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William Murdoch constructed a working steam carriage model at Redruth, Cornwall, furthering British steam-vehicle experimentation.
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Richard Trevithick operated his full-size steam road locomotive “Puffing Devil” in Camborne, the first steam-powered vehicle capable of carrying passengers on public roads.
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François Isaac de Rivaz designed an early internal-combustion engine for carriage propulsion around 1807, laying conceptual groundwork for later gasoline vehicles.