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The Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. It was named for Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who was a chairman of the Senate finance committee and the Secretary of the Treasury under President Hayes. Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses.
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/sherman-anti-trust-act -
On the evening of November 8, 1895, he found that platinocyanide placed in the path of the rays became fluorescent even when it was as far as two metres from the discharge tube. During subsequent experiments he found that objects of different thicknesses interposed in the path of the rays showed variable transparency. -
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895—accidentally—while testing whether cathode rays could pass through glass. His cathode tube was covered in heavy black paper, so he was surprised when an incandescent green light nevertheless escaped and projected onto a nearby fluorescent screen. He he found that the light would pass through most things but leave shadows of solid objects. https://columbiasurgery.org/news/2015/09/17/history-medicine-dr-roentgen-s-accidental-x-rays -
F. Scott Fitzgerald, born Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author whose works became synonymous with the Jazz Age. He moved in the major artistic circles of his day but failed to garner widespread critical acclaim until after his death at the age of 44.
https://fscottfitzgeraldsociety.org/about-us-2/biography/ -
The Spanish-American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States over the fate of Cuba and other Spanish colonies123. It began after the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, sparking U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence12. The war ended with U.S. victories in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic.
https://www.familysearch.org/en/blog/spanish-american-war-causes -
The Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, was a peace agreement between Spain and the United States that ended the Spanish-American War. Under the treaty, Cuba gained independence from Spain, and the United States gained possession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Marking the end of Spanish imperialism, the treaty established the United States’ position as a world power.
https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/spanish-american-war -
Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville, and Wilbur Wright make the first successful flight in the history of a self-propelled, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the gasoline-powered, propeller-driven biplane, which stayed aloft for 12 seconds and covered 120 feet on its inaugural flight. https://www.nps.gov/wrbr/index.htm -
At Princeton University he came close to realizing his dream of brilliant success. He became a prominent figure in the literary life of the university and made lifelong friendships with Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop. He fell in love with Ginevra King, one of the beauties of her generation. Then he lost Ginevra and flunked out of Princeton.
https://universityarchives.princeton.edu/2019/09/f-scott-fitzgerald-a-great-writer-but-a-not-so-great-student/ -
In the fall of 1915, he caught malaria and dropped out. He half-heartedly returned to Princeton for his junior year, but washed out of all his classes. Instead of graduating with the class of '17, Fitzgerald joined Army officer training school for World War I, all the while trying to complete a novel.
https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/f-scott-fitzgerald -
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the most explosive political events of the twentieth century. The violent revolution marked the end of the Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian Imperial rule. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by leftist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition of czarist rule. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. https://historyguild.org/the-russian-revolution/ -
The 1918 influenza pandemic was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. In the United States, it was first identified in military personnel in spring 1918. It is estimated that about 500 million people or one-third of the world’s population became infected with this virus. The number of deaths was estimated to be at least 50 million worldwide with about 675,000 occurring in the United States.
https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html -
World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. His murder started a war across Europe that lasted until 1918. During the war, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan and the United States of America (the Allied Powers).
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history -
On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, France. The treaty was one of several that ended five years of conflict known as WW1. The Treaty of Versailles outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the victorious Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. Other Central Powers signed different treaties with the Allies.
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/treaty-versailles-ends-wwi/ -
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848, the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca Falls Convention, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/19th-amendment-1 -
The Beautiful and Damned is a 1922 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in New York City, the novel's plot follows a young artist Anthony Patch and his flapper wife Gloria Gilbert who become "wrecked on the shoals of dissipation" while excessively partying at the dawn of the hedonistic Jazz Age.
https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/beautiful-and-the-damned/ -
The Depression was the longest and deepest downturn in the history of the United States and the modern industrial economy. The Great Depression began in August 1929, when the economic expansion of the Roaring Twenties came to an end. A series of financial crises punctuated the contraction.
https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great-depression#:~:text=The%20Depression%20was%20the%20longest,financial%20crises%20punctuated%20the%20contraction. -
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/great-depression/a/the-new-deal The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering. -
The 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment and bringing an end to the era of national prohibition of alcohol in America. At 5:32 p.m. EST, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the amendment, achieving the requisite three-fourths majority of states’ approval. Pennsylvania and Ohio had ratified it earlier in the day.
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/five-interesting-facts-about-prohibitions-end-in-1933 -
World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. The 40,000,000–50,000,000 deaths incurred in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest war, in history.
https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II -
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline/holocaust
The Holocaust was the state-sponsored persecution and mass murder of millions of European Jews, Romani people, the intellectually disabled, political dissidents and homosexuals by the German Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945. The word “holocaust,” from the Greek words “holos” (whole) and “kaustos” (burned), was historically used to describe a sacrificial offering burned on an altar. -
https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2009/december/how-japanese-did-it
Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, that was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941 on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they destroyed or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians. -
The Last Tycoon by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a novel about a Hollywood producer who finds himself not only struggling to find love and success in a world of cut-throats, but who is in the ultimate struggle for his own life. The Last Tycoon is Fitzgerald's final work, a novel he was working on at the time of his death.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Last-Tycoon-novel-by-Fitzgerald -
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, near New York City, the novel depicts first-person narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby's obsession to reunite with his former lover, Daisy Buchanan.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Great-Gatsby -
On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion immediately killed an estimated 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people.
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki -
As World War II was about to end in 1945, nations were in ruins, and the world wanted peace. Representatives of 50 countries gathered at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco from April to June 1945. This is where they decided on the idea of the United Nations, which, it was hoped, would prevent another world war like the one they had just lived through. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/history-of-the-un -
Israel's establishment as an independent, sovereign state was officially declared in Tel-Aviv on Friday May 14, 1948 by Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion. Ben-Gurion’s declaration came on the day the British Mandate over Palestine was officially terminated, in accordance with UN Resolution 181 which called for the division of the land into a Jewish state and an Arab state. https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-term/founding-state-israel-may-14-1948 -
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea’s behalf.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1950s-america/a/the-korean-war