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Turkey (Ottoman Empire) signed a secret treaty with Germany (German Empire) against Russia (Russian Empire).
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British Empire and Dominions declared war on the German Empire and its allies.
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The British withdrew their naval mission from Turkey.
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A Turkish fleet bombarded the Russian Black Sea ports of Odessa, Sebastapol and Feodosia.
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British navy resumed bombardment of outer forts with more success.
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Eighteen British and French battleships, guarded by other warships, attacked the Dardanelles forts.
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The British submarine E15 was driven ashore by a strong current while trying to pass through the Dardanelles. A Turkish shell penetrated her conning tower, killing the captain and six of the crew. On 19 April, a small British picket boat torpedoed and destroyed the E15.
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More than 200 ships were assembled in the harbour at Mudros, Lemnos, in preparation for the British and French invasion of Turkey.
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At Helles, French forces launched an attack on the Turks at Haricot Redoubt and Kereves Dere. The French, for little progress, suffered more than 2,500 casualties and the Turks lost more than 6,000 killed and wounded.
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The Kingdom of Bulgaria entered the war as an ally of Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey. This made it likely that the Turks on Gallipoli would be able to receive reinforcements from Germany along the Berlin to Constantinople railway.
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On 27 and 28 November, severe rain and thunderstorms, which turned into blizzards, hit Gallipoli. More than 280 men died and there were 16,000 cases of frostbite and exposure.
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The British Government ordered the evacuation of Helles.
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On 2 and 3 January French forces were evacuated from Helles.
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On the night of 8–9 January, 17,000 British soldiers were evacuated from Helles, bringing the three-week evacuation, and the Gallipoli campaign, to a close. In just over a week, 35,000 soldiers, 3,689 horses and mules, 127 guns, 328 vehicles, and 1,600 tons of stores had been taken off Helles. Approximately 508 horses and mules were slaughtered or left behind
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Turkish newspapers reported that ‘the whole of the Gallipoli Peninsula is now free from the enemy. They are driven out of Sedduülbahir (Sed-el - Bahr)’.
