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What Was the Industrial Revolution
It began in England around 1760.
It marked a shift from manual production to mechanical production in factories.
It transformed the economy, society, and work. -
Important Inventions
Spinning Jenny (1764) – James Hargreaves: sped up textile production.
Steam engine (1769) – James Watt: powered factories and trains.
Improvements in transportation: steamships and railways. -
Child Labor
Children worked from the age of 5, 12–16 hours a day.
Dangerous conditions in mines and factories.
They were hired because they were cheap and easy to control. -
Social Changes and Reforms
Growth of cities (urbanization).
Increase in the working class.
First labor laws (1833): limits on child working hours and compulsory education. -
Women in the Industrial Revolution
They worked in textile factories for low wages.
Also took care of home and family.
They participated in social movements for labor rights. -
Causes of the First World War
Nationalism, militarism, imperialism.
Alliances: Triple Entente (France, UK, Russia) and Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914). -
Beginning and Development of the War
Trench warfare: soldiers lived in harsh conditions.
New weapons: machine guns, gas, tanks.
Famous battles: Somme, Verdun. -
Life on the Front
Dirty, dangerous trenches with rats, mud, and disease.
Many young men died or were traumatized.
The war was long and exhausting. -
End of the War and Treaty of Versailles
Ended in 1918 with Germany’s surrender.
Treaty of Versailles (1919) punished Germany with loss of territory and reparations.
Empires like the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman collapsed. -
Consequences of the War
10 million soldiers and 7 million civilians died.
Europe was devastated.
German resentment led to the rise of Nazism. -
Causes of the Second World War
Germany wanted to regain power lost after the Treaty of Versailles.
Hitler rose to power in 1933 with the Nazi Party.
Germany, Italy, and Japan aimed to expand territory. -
Start of the Conflict
In 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The war began.
Blitzkrieg tactics (“lightning war”) were used.
UK and France declared war on Germany. -
Key Events
1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, USA entered the war.
1944: D-Day (Normandy landings), Paris was liberated.
Germany was defeated at Stalingrad. -
End of the War
1945: Germany surrendered. The US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Japan surrendered. The war ended.
The United Nations (UN) was created to prevent future wars. -
Consequences of the Second World War
60 million people died in total.
The world was divided: capitalist bloc (USA) vs communist bloc (USSR).
The Cold War began and the Berlin Wall was built.