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It began in England around 1760.
It marked a shift from manual production to mechanical production in factories.
It transformed the economy, society, and work. -
Spinning Jenny (1764) – James Hargreaves: sped up textile production.
Steam engine (1769) – James Watt: powered factories and trains.
Improvements in transportation: steamships and railways. -
Children worked from the age of 5, 12–16 hours a day.
Dangerous conditions in mines and factories.
They were hired because they were cheap and easy to control. -
Growth of cities (urbanization).
Increase in the working class.
First labor laws (1833): limits on child working hours and compulsory education. -
They worked in textile factories for low wages.
Also took care of home and family.
They participated in social movements for labor rights. -
Nationalism, militarism, imperialism.
Alliances: Triple Entente (France, UK, Russia) and Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914). -
Trench warfare: soldiers lived in harsh conditions.
New weapons: machine guns, gas, tanks.
Famous battles: Somme, Verdun. -
Dirty, dangerous trenches with rats, mud, and disease.
Many young men died or were traumatized.
The war was long and exhausting. -
Ended in 1918 with Germany’s surrender.
Treaty of Versailles (1919) punished Germany with loss of territory and reparations.
Empires like the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman collapsed. -
10 million soldiers and 7 million civilians died.
Europe was devastated.
German resentment led to the rise of Nazism. -
Germany wanted to regain power lost after the Treaty of Versailles.
Hitler rose to power in 1933 with the Nazi Party.
Germany, Italy, and Japan aimed to expand territory. -
In 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The war began.
Blitzkrieg tactics (“lightning war”) were used.
UK and France declared war on Germany. -
1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, USA entered the war.
1944: D-Day (Normandy landings), Paris was liberated.
Germany was defeated at Stalingrad. -
1945: Germany surrendered. The US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Japan surrendered. The war ended.
The United Nations (UN) was created to prevent future wars. -
60 million people died in total.
The world was divided: capitalist bloc (USA) vs communist bloc (USSR).
The Cold War began and the Berlin Wall was built.
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