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was the first agricultural revolution. It was a gradual change from nomadic hunting and gathering communities and bands to agriculture and settlement. This period is described as a "revolution" because it changed the way of life of communities which made the change
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The Natufian culture is the name given to the sedentary Late Epi-Paleolithic hunter-gatherers living in the Levant region of the near east between about 12,500 and 10,200 years ago. The Natufians foraged for food such as emmer wheat, barley, and almonds, and hunted gazelle, deer, cattle, horse, and wild boar
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town located in the West Bank. Jericho is one of the earliest continuous settlements in the world. Jericho is thus one of the places providing evidence of very early agriculture.
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This refers to areas of fertile soil near important rivers in the area. It stretches from the Nile River in Egypt to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq. It also encompasses several other countries, including Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria.
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In modern day Egypt and one of the earliest civilizations along the Nile Valley. This is known for domesticating barley, wheat, sheep and goat.
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was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC.
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ruled by man named Hammurabi
he created the code of Hammurabi which means 'an eye for an eye'
Hanging Gardens of Babylon - one of the wonders of the ancient world -
The Old Kingdom was a period of prosperity and disunity, also known as the "Age of Pyramids". King Djoser created a new era of building.
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“the mound of the dead.”Subsequent excavations revealed that the mounds contain the remains of what was once the largest city of the Indus civilization. These cities are located in modern day Pakistan and West India and also located in the Indus River Valley
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During this time Egypt fell into a dark period with weak kings and the loss of unification between upper and lower Egypt. The popular Religion during this time was the cult of Osiris.
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based on agriculture, millet, wheat, and barley
was an aristocratic society
Began a highly developed a calendar system -
people who occupied the eastern coast of the Mediterranean
Skilled in wood, ivory, and metalworking
major contribution of creating an alphabetic writing system that became the root of the Western alphabets and the English alphabet (where the word phonics comes from) -
Built a temple there and named the capital city Tenocitilian (Mexico City)
The first emperor was Itzcoatl, followed by Moctezuma I and Moctezuma II -
Interval between the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization and the Greek Archaic period
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Interval between the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization and the Greek Archaic period
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The last Roman soldiers left Britain and new people came in ships.
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Foundation of the Olympic Games and the Second Persian invasion of Greece
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om 539 BC to 331 BC, the Persian Empire was the most powerful state in the world. Ruled from Persia (now Iran), it stretched from Egypt to India. It had rich resources of water, fertile farmland, and gold. The Persians followed the Zoroastrian religion.
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Philip, a King of Macedonia conquered the rest of the Greek peninsula and gave it to his son Alexander.
Became King at Age 20. -
Located in Central America where Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras are today. Civilization with the only fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas. Noted for their art, architecture, calendar development, and mathematical/ astronomical systems.
During “The Mayan Golden Age”, the population numbered in the millions. -
France defeated the Muslims
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France defeated the Muslims
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Norse settlers migrated across the North Atlantic because they had a shortage of good farmland in Scandinavia
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Charles Martel's grandson, Charlemagne, became the king of all of present-day France and Germany.
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Most of the island was claimed and "Althingi", the ruling assembly of the Icelandic Commonwealth, was founded
Created historical records in skin manuscripts called The Sagas -
Fought between Norman-French ary of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon KIng Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
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The crusades were a series of religious wars in western Asia and Europe initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church between the 11th and the 17th century. The crusades differed from other religious conflicts. They were a penance by the participants and brought forgiveness for confessed sin.
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Venetian merchant family
Raised by an extended family (mother died at a young age and father was in Asia working as jewel merchant)
Went to Asia to meet with Ghengis Khan and learn his ways of his elaborate communication structure
Polo mastered 4 languages and gained great knowledge about the Mongol Empire, use of paper money that he returned to Europe with. (also silk, jade, coal, spices, compass, porcelain, and pasta)
The route taken to trade these items is still referred to as the Silk Road. -
Located on the Western Coast of South America (now Chile and Peru)
Skilled politicians and governed 12 million people. Instead of money tribute, they demanded labor and military services. They built roads from the Inca capital Machu Picchu.
Collapsed when Emperor Capac died from an epidemic -
Knows as the Godfathers of the Renaissance. Created a beginning and gave guidance, also a Mafia Family that used intimidation, violence, and murder to expand power.
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Famously attacked Constantinople and Bryzantine Emperor Justanian.
Crusades brought it along the Silk Road when 12 Italian trading ships docked at the port of Messina on the island of Sicily after a journey through the Black Sea. Side effects were black boils that ooze blood and puss and started the phrase Black Death -
A diverse mix of different tribes which spanned the islands of the Caribbean. They were the first people Columbus encountered when he landed.
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A time of rebirth after the Dark Ages.
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King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella began the Spanish Inquisition. The two governed the country motivated by money. Jews were subjected to violent attacks (pogroms) and were isolated into ghettos. Often they were killed.
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started The Church of England and forced English people to become members.
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He didn’t want to prove that the world is round or discover new lands. The Silk Road was a long and hard journey. He wanted to find an all water route to Asia, he traveled west and came to China. He wanted to become wealthy. He didn’t make it to the Americas until his 4th voyage. He enslaved, tortured, and murdered the native people of the Caribbean Islands.
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John Cabot crossed the Atlantic from England to the “West Indies” to make landgally somewhere in northern North America, possibly Newfoundland.
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Spain, Portugal, France, and England sent explorers to the New World. They brought animals and plants. When in the New World of America, they bought back different plants and animals to make the royals happy. This also brought illnesses to the Native people because they had not built up immunities
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Used the printing press to create and distribute a list of 95 complaints (95 Theses) about the activities of the catholic church and nailed a copy on the door of the Wittenberg Chapel.
He believed that everyone should read the Bible, and people needed to be educated to do so. -
When Mary died, her half sister Elizabeth took reign and brought peace to England.
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Poet. He wrote plays about Julius Caesar
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Pedro Menendez de Aviles in St. Augustine Florida. Location was intended to be a base for further colonial ventures across the Southeastern United States but were halted by Natives
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Sir Walter Raleigh of England was charged by Queen Elizabeth. It was England's first colony in the New World. 108 men settled on the north side of the island and built a defensible fort.
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America’s first permanent English colony.
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Location that is now known as New York. As settlers came, the population grew and spread north up the Hudson River.
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First documented in Virginia from the kingdom of Ndongo in Angola (West Central Africa). They were captured during a war with the Portuguese. Brought here as indentured servants with an end-date (7-14 years) when they would be freed.
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First representative government met at a church in Jamestown. Its first order of business was to set a minimum price for the sale of tobacco.
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First document of Democracy in the New World, written and signed on board the ship before they went ashore to make peace between the pilgrims and non-pilgrims. When the Pilgrims landed in December, they met Native people including Somoset and Squanto.
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In Massachusetts Bay, Separatist Pilgrims established their own colony. They came on the Mayflower and landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts (on accident) in route to work in the tobacco plantations in Virginia.
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Squanto, along with other men in the Patuxet tribe were kidnapped by Spanish explorers and taken to Spain to be sold into slavery. He was taught to speak Spanish in 2 years.
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Washington gained victory when France and Holland aided and supported. France gave gifts to America including Jean La Fayette, who rose in the ranks to major general.
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Very cold winter, and soldiers also suffered from starvation and illness.
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Protected British subjects from being taxed without the consent of a truly representative Parliament. Many colonists viewed Parliament's attempt to tax them as a violation of this English Bill of Rights.
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German officer who came to Valley Forge to train the American Army. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them with essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines. Wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual, and served as Washington’s chief of staff.
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In an effort to raise revenue and simultaneously interfere with the French in the Caribbean, a 6 pence tax on each gallon of molasses was imposed
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Began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.
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Proved to be wildly unpopular in the colonies, contributing to its repeal the following year.
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Series of acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. Proposed to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so they would be independent of colonial rule.
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The Boston Massacre was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers. Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to rouse the ire of the citizenry.
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The Sons of Liberty boarded tea ships anchored in the harbor and dumped the tea overboard.
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Organization of American patriots who formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the abuses of the British government.
Best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in reaction to the Tea Act, which led to the Intolerable Acts and a mobilization of the colonial militia. -
Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. Its purpose was to reduce the massive surplus of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company.
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British Generals set out to Boston to seize weapons and gunpowder. Before they arrived, spies of the Americans leaked word of the plans. Israel brought news to the American colonists of the British attacks.
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A message was sent to Allen and the Green Mountain Boys stating that the Connecticut militia were planning to capture Fort Ticonderoga. They overcame a small British garrison at the fort and looted the personal belongings of the garrison. Cannons and other armament from the fort were used in battle of the Revolution and the Siege of Boston.
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Argument continued between those who wanted peace and those who thought war was inevitable. George Washington was selected as Commander in the Colonial Army.
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Battle is commonly misnamed because it actually took place on Breed’s Hull. Americans repelled the first two attacks by the British, but retreated from the 3rd attack after running out of ammo. The British lost 40% of their force.
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Tired of a costly war and after a series of battles, a major British force was surrounded in Yorktown by the Americans on land and the french on the seacoast. With nowhere to run, the British General Cornwallis surrendered.
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Similar to the constitution but gave far less power to the central government and more to the individual states. Chaos followed. Each state had their own laws and currency. Central government had little authority and states only respected their own government.
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Signed in addition to the 10 amendments and became law in 1788 when the last state ratified it. It describes how the government would look.
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State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in Southern United States
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Bought from France and sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) to explore the new west.
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Goal was to explore and map the new territory and find a practical route across the Western half of the continent.
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President Thomas Jefferson initiated the process of Indian tribal removal and relocation to the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River in order to open lands for American settlers.
He drafted and signed into law a bill banning the importation of slaves in the United States -
When the war came to an end it was largely because the British public had grown tired of the sacrifice and expense of their twenty-year war against France and the war against the United States lost support.
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Andrew Jackson promoted the “Indian Removal” and spent years leading campaigns that transferred hundreds of thousands of acres of land from Indian nations to white farmers.
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Stated that the Dakota would cede their Minnesota and Dakota lands to the U.S. Government and would be paid by them in yearly annuities.
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Event that triggered war. The Confederate Army opened fire on the federal garrison and forced it to lower the American flag in surrender.
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Determined what kind of nation it would be Sovereign national Government or slave holding country
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The real fighting began. Famous battles: Shiloh (TN), Bull Run (VA), Fredericksburg (VA), Antietam (ML), Gettysburg (PA), Vicksburg (MS), Chickamauga (GA, Atlanta (GA)
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The real fighting began. Famous battles: Shiloh (TN), Bull Run (VA), Fredericksburg (VA), Antietam (ML), Gettysburg (PA), Vicksburg (MS), Chickamauga (GA, Atlanta (GA)
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4 Dakota men killed people living in the farms of Acton Township. When word got out war sparked to regain their ancestral land.
Little Crow attacked the Lower Sioux Agency, killing many civilians in the white farms and communities throughout the Minnesota River Valley. -
The last major battle of the war in MN, many Dakota left the state.
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Gave 4 million slaves freedom, but the process of rebuilding the South during the Reconstruction period brought another set of challenges.
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Put into law by President Andrew Johnson to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans.
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Former slaves were given full rights as voters and gained a voice in government for the first time in America. A pushback came in the form of the Ku Klux Klan.
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US remained neutral until participation in the war. The US made huge contributions such as supplies raw materials and money
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Severe wold wide economic depression that took place after the stock market crashed.
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First to introduce imperialism
The first dynasty -
the longest river of Asia; flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai.
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The Paleo Indians were named after a spear point from this group of people that was found near Clovis, New Mexico.
