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On April 1, 1933, the Nazis launched a nationwide boycott of Jewish shops and businesses throughout Germany. -
In March 1933, after being appointed chancellor, Adolf Hitler delivered his speech at the inaugural session of the German Parliament (Reichstag). -
Jews in Vienna stand in line at a police station to obtain exit visas. After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938, which triggered a wave of humiliation, terror, and confiscation, many Austrian Jews sought to flee the country. -
Parts of Warsaw lie in ruins after the German military invaded and conquered Poland in September 1939, an event that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. -
Residents of Rostock, Germany, observe a burning synagogue the morning after Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”). On the night of November 9–10, 1938, the Nazi regime instigated a wave of coordinated anti-Jewish violence throughout greater Germany. -
In May 1939, the passenger ship St. Louis—pictured here before leaving Hamburg—sailed from Germany to Cuba, carrying 937 passengers, the majority of whom were Jews. -
In November 1940, German authorities sealed off the Warsaw ghetto, drastically limiting supplies for the over 300,000 Jews living there. -
Starting in October 1945, 22 major war criminals were put on trial for charges including crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit these offenses.