-
1st Amendment
13th Feb, 1791 1st Amendment Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, respecting an establishment of a religion. -
Period: to
Age of the Steamboat
steamboats genererated rapid development of port cities
increased agricultural a dry goods , which steamboats made shipping easir to transport to market.
used on coast lines & major river (mississippi & rio grande) -
Period: to
New immigration
immigrant who fled oppresive regimes in europe yeared to lived in democratic society like u.s
NYC
moved into crowed tenement building and work unskilled jobs. -
Period: to
"Tammy Hall 'Boss' Tweed"
it gained and used political power in major urban areas, by controlling much of the industry's money.
political machine targeted the city's poor and immigrant populations.supported the Democratic party .
w.m. tweed abused his office by given in to corruption.
offered finanicial support in return for jobs, favors, and votes.
T.Nast created cartoons to show the illegeal things that tweed and hall were really doing.
IRISH MAN -
Morse Code
A single- cicruit relegraph worked by electric circuit sent electrial signal across across to wire to a receiver.
the line run with RR tracks
the helped reduced cost of the message and can run 24hr a day.
the will later turn lines and how we know today. -
Nest Cartoon
1st Jan, 1858 Nest Cartoon about Nast used his cartoons to attack the Tammany Hall political Ring and Boss Tweed to removed from power in the election of November 7, 1871 (in NY). Tweed was arrested in 1873 and convicted of fraud. -
Period: to
1862 to 2009
1st Jan, 1862
to
30th Jan, 2009 1862 to 2009 Industrialization and the "Gilded Age",
Am. in Transition,
Progress,
Am Builds an Empire,
WWI,
Roaring Twenties,
Great Depression,
"New Deal",
Cold War,
Civil Rights,
1960's protest and change,
Crisis & Resurgence 1969-2000,
New Millennium -
Homestead Act
promise a land of toatl 160 acres. But had to improve the land and to take care of it. charged $1.25 per acres.Lack of trees in the open forced settlers to build houses out of sod settlers often faced fierce winds , fires , droughts, and killed many crop fields.railroads lead families to the gp possible for farmers to ship crops to east. pleanty of cattle, dry farming,public land grants to smaller farmers.NA were deprived on their hunting grounds,often forced them to relocate. NA resisted -
Period: to
THE REVOLUTION PAPER
*Publisher & Editor-Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
*The Revolution focused primarily on women's rights, especially suffrage
Effect-Acknowledgement of women suffrage and later women’s right to vote (19th Amendment) -
14th Amendment
-declared that all persons born in the us (except american indians)were citizens , all citizens were entitled to equal rights regaradless of their rights were protected by due process of the law.
-this law amendment was also used in the support of equal rights in the 50's & 60's -
First Transcontinential railroad
allowing a easy way to transport west to where people were looking for land,cash crops, and new starts it was monumental in transporting mulitply people for a low cost, and was a major factor in the movement west for many people.
a 3000 miles trip took days not months. -
Period: to
Rise of Labor unions
nations wanted 8hr work days& higher wages at the time they were working 10-16 hrs a day unions striked for better working conditions late 1910 less than5% of workers were unionized. -
15th amendment
one of three amendments to thew US constitution passed during -
15th Amendment
one of three amendments to the US constitution passed during the era of reconsrtuction , granted African American men right to vote (1870)
19th amendment - guarantees all American women the right to vote (1920) -
Vanderbilt university
27th Mar, 1873 Vanderbilt university -vandervilt started out poor and no money he gpt his money by borrowing money and bought a boat and bought more owned them and became a steam boat captain makes a lot of money
-vanderbilt university founded in 1873 priveate resaech facility in nashville tennesee provided the school with 100000000 in endowment -
Period: to
Giled age and Westward expansion
"this time period is characterized by economic growth , widespread, poverty, westward expanison and political corruption.
The name came from the title of Mark Twain's book ,
american wages ,specialially for skilled workers, were much higher then in europe . which attracked millions of immigrants.
labor unions important.
Railroads were impact in industruial areas. -
women christian temperence union
purpose was to create a "sober & pure world" by abstinence , purity& evanfeliical christianity
frances willard, second pres of WCTU enfl. by bro being an alcoholic,
mom &dad switched roles
WCTU viewd as radiuals %encourged women rights -
Bessemer steel process
It took a short a amount of time to produce 15 min.
Removal of impurities from iron by oxidation.
the qualitiy of steel process impact then iron rails last longer.
quality process such as biitterness prevented bessemer steel from being used for more structural applications. -
Assasignation of President james garfield
assasign was charles j. guiteav
charles g. felt he deserved a gov. job sure he wrote a speech to help gerfield win election is why he shot garfield.
convicted has of murder and found guilty on january 25, 1882
he was hanged on jane 30,1882 -
CHINESE EXCLUSIONARY ACT
Cause - concern of availiable jobs in the West after the Calif. gold rush.
Effects -drove employment wages down, excluding all classes of Chinese immigrants and other Asian immigrant groups
legal racial discrimination -
Pendleton Act of 1883
patronage system political party, after winning on election,gives gov. jobs to supporters, friends& relatives as a reward for working toward victory.
merit system process of promoting &hiring gov. employees based on their ability to perform a job.
CAUSE after president garfield assassination, act provided that federal gov. jobs be award on that basis of merit &gov. employees.
the law forbids requiring employees to give political service or contributions
EFFECTthe civil commission was established -
Andrew Carnegie
26th Mar, 1885 Andrew Carnegie -net worht 298.3 billion
-horizontal -control of a group of products which are alike yet at different price points complexities and quality
-vertical-each member make a part to make one thing to satisfy a common need which he used
-used bessmer proccess
-jp morgan wanted to buy him and other to unify and cut costs
-invested 500 into adam express and reinvesting later inveted 40000 in story farm that yielded 1000000 and used money to build empire
-profits up workers -
Andrew Carnegie
26th Mar, 1885 Andrew Carnegie -net worht 298.3 billion
-horizontal -control of a group of products which are alike yet at different price points complexities and quality
-vertical-each member make a part to make one thing to satisfy a common need which he used
-used bessmer proccess
-jp morgan wanted to buy him and other to unify and cut costs
-invested 500 into adam express and reinvesting later inveted 40000 in story farm that yielded 1000000 and used money to build empire
-profits up workers -
Haymarket riot
Haymarket Riot
4 May 1886 *intimidate strikers during a union action at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. that was part of a national campaign to secure an 8 hr workday
*a bomb was thrown by an individual never positively identified and police responded with random gunfire. 7 police officers were killed and 60 others wounded before the violence ended
*Haymarket Riot became a symbol of the international struggle for workers’ rights -
interstate commerce act
law to regulate railroad industry
act required that railroad rates be 'reasinable industry in u.s act created federal agency the (icc)which charged with moitoring to ensure they complied w/new regulation. -
sherman anti trust act
Sherman Antitrust Act
16 Sep 1887 *Purpose-to prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply
*Caused-the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, devised a new type of agreement to overcome prohibitions of owning stock in other corporations(MONOPOLIES)
*Effect-the Sherman Act is not to protect competitors, but rather to protect competition
This effected John D. Rockefeller the CAPTIAN of the Oil industr -
HULL HOUSE
chicago ,il
provide social (am culture)& educational opportunties
(tech english) for immigrants working class to be announced
leaders james,adams, ellen Gates star -
Period: to
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
" THE PROGRESSIVE ERA WAS A TIME OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REFORMS DURING WHICH CORRUPTION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES WERE EXPOSED, AND MANY CHANGES WERE MADE TO AMERICAN SOCIETY.
SHERMAN ANTI TRUST PASSED IN 1890
19TH ADMENDMENT IN 1920 -
Period: to
THE POPULIST 'PEOPLE'S PARTY"
unlimited coined silver, single term for the president , direct elections of senators,graduated income tax, shorter work days
,immigration limits.
cause ranners in the south and midwest against the democratic and republican party for ignoring their interest and diffcuities
supporters: national farmers, alliance and the colored farmers alliance&r knights of labor(union)
1892 election of 5 senators,1896& 1900 nominated 1illiam b. jennings for pres. nearly won both times. -
homestead strike
Homestead strike
30 Jun 1892 *Carnegie Steel Co. was determined to break the union
*locking the workers out of the plant
*Frick (Companies Manager) sent for 300 Pinkerton guards but when they arrived they were met by 10 thousand strikers, many of them armed
* After an all-day battle, the Pinkertons surrendered
*Carnegie & US Gov. help moved in quickly to institute longer hours and lower wages
*it also highlighted how difficult it was for any union to succeed against the combined power of the c -
homestead strike
Homestead strike
30 Jun 1892 *Carnegie Steel Co. was determined to break the union
*locking the workers out of the plant
*Frick (Companies Manager) sent for 300 Pinkerton guards but when they arrived they were met by 10 thousand strikers, many of them armed
* After an all-day battle, the Pinkertons surrendered
*Carnegie & US Gov. help moved in quickly to institute longer hours and lower wages
*it also highlighted how difficult it was for any union to succeed against the combined power of the c -
JP Morgan
27th Sep, 1892 JP Morgan -jp morgan was a banker, financer, philanthropist, art collector
-dominated the corporate finance and industrial consolidation
-merged and financed a lot
-helped bring interest from investors from the business he took over -
Pullman strike
Pullman Strike
11 May 1894 *factory wages at the company fell about 25% but the rents George Pullman charged did not decrease
*3 thousand Pullman workers went on a "wildcat" strike that is without authorization
*June 29, 50 thousand men had quit their jobs.
*federal troops This enraged strikers, and rioters began stopping trains, smashing switches, and, again, setting fire to anything that would burn
*Pullman Strike was important because it was the first time a federal injunction had ever been -
Period: to
Sanford B. Dole
was the President of hawaii &the 1st governer.
hawaii was under a monarch he started a coup &overthrew queen lili'uokalani w/ the help of the u.s ambassador and u.s marine corps.
U.S declare a provisional gov. at Hawaii w/ Dole in power .
Unit Hawaii was Annex. -
RED RECORD
AUTHOR IDLE B. WELL BARNETT
RASCISM AGAINST BLACK
GRANTED EQUAL RIGHTS [PASSION FOR JUSTICE]
FEMALE AFRICAN AMERICAN JOURNALIST
HANGING AFRICAN AMERICANS
LYNCHING IN THE U.S OF AF AM 10,000 -
13th amendment
-adopted in 1865, eight months after the civil war ended,the admentment forbades slavery in the Unied States
-people like MLK used the amendments for civil and equal rights for Af Am -
plessy vs. ferguson
support court case ruled that "separte but equal were legal sep but eq-constitional law that justifies and permitted racial segregation
effects segregatedrestromms, theatres, RRcars&school -
U.S.S MAINE
DE LOME THE CUBAN AMBASSADOME WROTE A LETTER CALLING PRESIDENT MCKINCLY "WEAK"
americans were outraged a so mckinely sent the u.s maine to cub to protect the lives & properties of americans
uss maine exploded killing 265 men it was thought that spain did it. -
theodore roosevelt
5th Apr, 1898 theodore roosevelt -he was in the war called san juan hill which was in cuba
-influenced the us military to keep fighting
-theodore created the rough riders and was a cornel at the time -
henry cabot lodge
6th Apr, 1898 henry cabot lodge -influenced us military policy around the time of the spanish american war
-he had the role of the first senate majority leader
-served as us representative
-lodge demanded congressional control of declarations of war wilson refusedus never joined league of nations
-lodge represented those who called for the annexation of the phillipines
-lodge believed the united states needed to have a strong navy -
Alfred Thayer Mahan
7th Apr, 1898 Alfred Thayer Mahan -was a united states navy flag officer,geostrategist,and historian
-he believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea with it's commercial ussage in peace and it's control in war
-his goal was to determine who controlled the sea and his primary mission was to secure the command of the sea
-emphasis on strategic locations such as choke points canals and coaling stations -
Period: to
Spanish American War
conflict bewteen U.S and Spain w/Navy and land battles b/c cuban wanted withdrawl from spain's armed forces.
Locations:manila bay, pascual cervara, santiago, Havana harbour Effect:Treaty of Paris Dec.10,1898 gave amer. brief control of cuba,puerto rico, guam,philliphines annexed Hawaii
Northern &southern soldiers had fought on the same side against common enemy. war w/ span transitional amer. foreign policy. -
OPEN DOOR POLICY
8th Apr, 1899 open door policy -keeps china open with trade for all countries
-boxer rebellion people were trying to keep culture that was there before the immigrants got there
-china dont want spear of inflkuence
-spears of influence- a part of country that was owned and only traded with them -
Social darwininism
5th Apr, 1900 social darwininism -survival of the fittest
-haves and haves not
-ability compete survive reproduce
-thought that is your poor or stupid then it means that they dont deserve to have money
-the haves are supposed to have things and the have nots arent suppose to have anything -
Period: to
Ellis island port NY
major groups:jews, north weastern europeans, were inspected to see if fit & smart enough to enter the us -
Period: to
Progressive"Bull Moose"
Progressive"Bull Moose" Party Platform-called for major reforms including women's suffrage, social welfare assistance for women and children, farm relief, revisions in banking, health insurance in industries, and worker's compensation
Broke off f/ - Republic Party
Major Canidate-Theodore Roosevelt
3rd party split-Bull Moose Party split the Republican vote there by leading to Wilson's victory, Teddy Roosevelt lost -
Period: to
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt *Roosevelt became President after McKinley was assassinated
*his slogan, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" said becausehe was sending the greatly expanded Navy—the Great White Fleet—on a world tour
*Roosevelt was the first president to speak out on conservation, and he greatly expanded the system of national parks and national forests
*Teddy spent periods of time hunting in the N. Dakota badlands seeing how over hunting and grazing damaged the land and game animals he tried -
Period: to
Muckrackers journalism
15th Jan, 1903
to
4th Mar, 1921 Muckrackers journalism Muckraker journalism-muckrakers often worked to expose social corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues like child labor.
Effect-their agenda was to raise public awareness rising literacy rates, which meant public opinion would eventually get louder -
roosevelt corrolary
8th Apr, 1904 roosevelt corrolary -was supposed to be an addition to the monroe doctrine he had the right to execise military force in latin american countries in order to keep european countries out
-articulated by president theodore roosevelt
-his foreign policy was "walk softly but carry a big stick" -
Period: to
Panama Canal Construction
17th Sep, 1904
to
17th Sep, 1914 Panama Canal Construction *Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central Am was a vital strategic interest to the US The idea gained a wide following after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba
*Panama area under Columbia control had rebels that the US supported and armed to revolt against Columbia then leased the area to US after they became a country
* Building cost thousands of lives and $400 mill and 10 yrs -
Period: to
Panama canal construction
Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central Am was a vital strategic interest to the US The idea gained a wide following after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba
*Panama area under Columbia control had rebels that the US supported and armed to revolt against Columbia then leased the area to US after they became a country
* Building cost thousands of lives and $400 mill and 10 yrs -
THE JUNGLE
AUTHOR UPTON SINCLAIR
NOVAL WAS WROTE TO PORTRAY LIVES OF IMMAIGRANTS IN THE U.S IN CHICOAGO
MANY READERS WERE CONCERED WITH HIS EXPOSURE OF HEALTH VIOLATIONS AND UNSANITARY PRACTICES IN AMERICAN MEAT PACKING. -
PURE FOOD & DRUG ACT
first series of significent consumer protection laws lead to creation of food and drug adminstriation .
main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adukterrated or misabeled food and grug products.
reserved that active be placed on the level of a drugs
begin FDA COKE HAD COCAINE
packing and that drugs couls not fall below levels. -
Period: to
Galveston TX immigration
29th Jul, 1907
to
29th Aug, 1914 Galveston TX immigration -Mainly Jewish refugees from Russia and Western Europe
- The main requirements was they needed to be skilled workers
- Jewish Immigrants were well treated to convince them to stay in Texas -
Period: to
Galveston , tx
major groups:jew immigrants fleinj e.coast, jew imm info BUREAU was trying to provent anti semitism, which could of lead to jew immigrants restrictions. -
Period: to
Social Gospel
16th Sep, 1908
to
16th Nov, 1918 Social Gospel *Started-by Protestant ministers
*Beliefs-applied Christian ethics to social problems, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, child labor, inadequate labor unions
*Achieved?-reformers inspired by the movement opened settlement houses, most notably Hull House in Chicago operated by Jane Addams, We also get the Salvation Army at this time period
*Results-led to women's suffrage, and that the emphasis it placed on morality led to prohibiti -
Period: to
Social Gospel
started by protestant ministers
beliefs applied christrian ethics to social problems, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, child labor, indeaquate labor union.Achieved reforms inspired by the movement opened settlement houses most notably hull house in chiacago operated by june Addams we also get the salvation army at this time period
results lead to women suffrage and emphasis it placed the prohibition. -
Establishment of the NAACP
Establishment of the NAACP ensure the political, educational, social, and economic quality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination
co founded by W.E.B. Du Bois
methods: spreading the word and court cases -
Period: to
Dollar Diplomacy
the purx was pres taft encourge bankets to wamnt to the countries of the curbean and latin american,they sent the troops by force. -
Period: to
Angle Island CA
29th Aug, 1910
to
29th Aug, 1940 Angle Island CA - immigration -Angel Island Immigration Station processed approximately 1 million Asian immigrants entering into the US, leading to it sometimes being referred to as "The Ellis Island of the West"
-many Chinese immigrants spent years on the island, waiting for entry.
-restrictions caused by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 -
Period: to
Angel Isaland (CA)
major groups: 1-million asians immigrants many denied emry due to chinese exclusion act white man was worried they w/take jobs f/them -
16th amendement
16th Amendment
13 Feb 1913 *16th Amendment-gives Congress the power to collect taxes on income without apportioning it among the states (levy income tax)
*progressive-implementing social reform or new liberal ideas
*Revenue-a state's annual income from which public expenses are met
*teriff-a tax or duty to be paid -
17th amendment
17th Amendment
13 May 1912 *17th Amendment-direct election of United States Senators by popular vote
*Direct election-choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person
*Patronage-power to grant other political favors -
Federal reserve act
Federal Reserve Act
23 Dec 1913 *Causes-Intended to begin a form of economic stability throughout the United States and start the Central Bank-people did not trust banks at that time
*Power-Create a “banker’s bank”, allowed the Federal Reserve to regulate $ in circulation & control the amount of $ banks could lend
*Effects- government can now regulate inflation, permitted national banks to make mortgage loans for farmland, the US dollar became a global currancy -
Period: to
GREAT IMMIGRANTS
They created to deveolped an important infrastructure business jaz clubs, churches that provided new forms of black cultural.
push factors
get away from racism, JOBS, WW1
PULL FACTORS FREE FROM RACISM, JOBS, CULTURAL TIES
NEW YORK
CHICAGO
STARTED THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE. -
Period: to
world war 1
world war 1 -first world war settled in europe
-the assassination of archduke franz ferdinad and was shot by gabrillo principal.
-austrio hungarians first fired shots during the start of the war for the protection of serbia
-us didnt get involved until 1917
M- militarism
A- alliances
I- imperialism
N- nationalism -
Period: to
Weapons of Total War
Weapons of Total War -submarines-underwater vessel used to attack enemies
-land mines-a device used on or underground to disable enemy opponents
-machine guns-automatic portable firearm
-trench warfare-fighting in trenches one to the other in a deep hole
-canned food-in the trench can go find food canned food lasts a long time pro longs war
-poison (mustard) gas- chemical warfare to blind or slow down opponents
-tanks-used to get through trenches
-airplanes-obserserve and reconaisance -
Sinking of the Lusitania
7th May, 1915 Sinking of the Lusitania *The sinking of the Lusitania occurred on 7 May 1915 during the First World War as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain
*sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany contributed to the American entry into World War I and became an iconic symbol in military recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought -
Sinking of the Lusitani
7th May, 1915 Sinking of the Lusitania *The sinking of the Lusitania occurred on 7 May 1915 during the First World War as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain
*sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany contributed to the American entry into World War I and became an iconic symbol in military recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought -
German unrestricted submarine Warfare
7th May, 1915 German unrestricted submarine Warfare *Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy.
*the sinking of the British ship Lusitania with Am citizens by a German U-boat brought Am into the war while Woodrow Wilson was Pres -
German unrestricted submarine Warfare
7th May, 1915 German unrestricted submarine Warfare *Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy.
*the sinking of the British ship Lusitania with Am citizens by a German U-boat brought Am into the war while Woodrow Wilson was Pres -
Sussex Pledge
24th Mar, 1916 Sussex Pledge *a promise made to the US in 1916 during World War I by Germany *Passenger ships would not be targeted
*Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship
*Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew
* In 1917 German thought they could defeat the Allies and broke the Sussex Pledge and th US entered the war -
Sussex Pledge
24th Mar, 1916 Sussex Pledge *a promise made to the US in 1916 during World War I by Germany *Passenger ships would not be targeted
*Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship
*Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew
* In 1917 German thought they could defeat the Allies and broke the Sussex Pledge and th US entered the war -
Zimmer telegram
19th Jan, 1917 Zimmer telegram *The Zimmermann Telegram was a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on 01/19/ 1917 to the German ambassador in the US
*the telegram proposal for military alliance between Ger. & Mex. so Mex would attck the US to keep AM out of the European war *Ger. was to offer Mex material aid in the reclaiming of territory lost during the Mexican-American War specifically the Am. states of Tx, New Mex and Arizona
* it was de -
Zimmer telegram
coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on 01/19/ 1917 to the German ambassador in the US the telegram proposal for military alliance between Ger. & Mex. so Mex would attck the US to keep AM out of the European war *Ger. was to offer Mex material aid in the reclaiming of territory lost during the Mexican-American War specifically the Am. states of Tx, New Mex and Arizona
it was denied,us declared was w/germany -
Esponage Act of 1917
23rd Sep, 1917 Esponage Act of 1917 -Esponage Act made it a crimefor a person to let others know about war plans that interfered with US Army objectives during war.Newspapers could not print battle plans
-fines started @10,000 and 20 yrs in jail -
Period: to
American Expeditionary Force
nickname of an inanimate object a form of dumpling that partly developed imto the dough amd was in use by the late 18th century (dough boy)effect:US helped bybringing in there man power to help stop the war number of men was 600,000 -
battle of aragon forest
10th Apr, 1918 battle of aragon forest final offense of world war 1
-herching also commanded AEF
-involved 1.2 million soldiers
-fought from september to november 47 days
-lot of losses
-most americans dead in one single battle -
Alvin York
10th Apr, 1918 Alvin York -killed 20 german soldiers and captured 132 at the head detachment in the aragonne forest
-actions got him the medal of honor -
Treaty of Versailles
28th Jun, 1919 treaty of versaille -one of the peace treaties at the end of world war 1
-armistance stopped the actual fighting
-made germany pay reperations to certain countries and disarm
-total cost was 132 billion
-us did not ratify the treaty
-german economy led to inflation
-Hitler came into power to get germany on tract and took over germany -
treaty of versaille
28th Jun, 1919 treaty of versaille -one of the peace treaties at the end of world war 1
-armistance stopped the actual fighting
-made germany pay reperations to certain countries and disarm
-total cost was 132 billion
-us did not ratify the treaty
-german economy led to inflation
-Hitler came into power to get germany on tract and took over germany -
Sweatt v. Painter
- a young african american man was refused admission to the University of Texas Law school
- the state of tx delayed 6 months to create "seperate"law school in Houston for African Amewrican -later it was overturned
- the U.S Supreme court said the seperation was illegal because the school was not equal
-
League of Nations
10th Jan, 1920 League of Nations -main purpose was to maintain world peace
-weakness the onset of the second world war demonstrated that the league had failed in its primary purpose the prevention of another world war there were a variety of reasons for this failure many connected to general weakness within the organization
-u.s. refused to join
-led to the U.N. -
18th amendment
banned alcohol in the u.s
temperence total abstinance from alcohol
prohibition the prevention by law of the manufacture and alcohol. -
19th amendment
19th Amendment
18 Aug 1920
*19th Amendment-guarantees all American women the right to vote
*suffrage-the right to vote, especially in a political election -
The Monkey Trail
tennessee firast state to pass a law -
Japan Expansion
Japan took control of Korea and area of China&Russia called Manchoria
Japan made plans to control the whole Pacific this plan was called"the Great East Asia coprsperity(jointsuccess)sphere
in 1940 Japan joined Germany&ITAly in thr Tripartite Pact to create the Axis -
FHA/HUD
SETS STANDARDS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND UNDERWRIDING AND INJURURES LOANS MADE BY BANKS AND OTHER PRIVATE LEADERS FOR HOME BUILDING GOALS WERE TO IMPROVE HOUSING STANDARDS AND CONDIDTIOUS. -
Germany expansion
Germanby started acquiring speakingt areas lost after ww1 like sudertenland(a section of france), Czec,Hungary,&POland.
increasingly a global political divion emergered between democratic societies (U.S&britian) and totalitarian states(germany). actions @ 1st nothing but when germany did not stop an all out war occured. -
Nativism of the 20's and 30's
the policy of protecting the jobs of native born or established innhabitants against those of immagrants.
Northern europe were allowed tp get in thre othersd were not.
kkk was a strange social influence of nativism -
MAJOR EVENTS OF WW2 PART 2
THE BATAAN FDEATH MARCH-TOOK PLACE IN PHILPPINES IN 1942 AFTR THE JAPENESE TOOK OVER THE PHILPPINES OF WAS WERE FORCIBLY-MARCHED 60 MILES THROUGH THE JUNGLE RESULTING IN MANY FATALITIES.
THE INVASION OF NORMANDY-JUNE 6,1944 ALLIED INVASION OF NORTHERN FRANCE TO REPEL TO OPCCUPATION OF THE GREAT ARMY. -
WW2 part 1
battle of midway,significant battles in thePacific(considered the turning point). Afterthe battle,Japan's shipbuilding and polit training programs were unable to keep pace inr eplacing their loses,while the U.S steadily increased output in both areas.The U.S military advanc,ment through the Pacific islands kinopwn as "island hopping"the goal was to attain a positions close enough to mainland japan to conduct an attack. -
WW2 INvention pt2
M-I SEMI AUTOMATIC RIFLE
-FIRED FASTER THAN A SINGLE SHOT RIFLE
nuCLEAR WEAPONS
-ATOMOIC BOMBS,BIG BOMBS USED TO DESTORY LARGE AREAS
DRIED BLOOD PIASMA
-HELPED W/GIVNG BLOOD TO INJURED SOLDIERS.
PENICINLIN
-HELPED W/FIGHTING INFECTIONS W/WOUNDED SOLDIERS. -
Military leaders of WW2
OMar Bradley-"the soldiers general"served w/Patton in NOrth Africa And Italy,led the First Army Division on the D-day islandings.
Dwright Eisenhower-commander of allied forces in Europe for the D-Day invasion.
Douglass MacArthur-commander of U.S army in Pacific.
Chester W.NImitiz-commander of the U>S Navyand allied land and sea forces int he pacific.
Georage MArchell-cheif of staff that cordinated the war effort from Washington D.C -
Military leaders of ww2 part 2
Georage Patton-colorful aqnd celebrated tank commander for the third Armored Divivion who spearheaded the final attact into germany.
Yamanoto-celebrated Japenese,Admiral oversaw the attack on pearl Harbor
Ervin Rommnel-celebrated German Gerneral nicknamed"the Desert fox" due to his victories in North Africa.
Bernard MOntgomery-British Military commander who droves the German's commanmder out North Africa and fought in Europe. -
WW2 INVENTIONS PART 1
RADAR
-HELPED PEOPLE FIND AIRCRAFT&ENEMIES.
HIGGINS BOAT
WAS AN AMPHIBIOUS BOAT AND USED IN AMPHIBIOUS LANDINGS THAT COULD DRIVE ON LAND AND GO IN THE WAR. -DEASIGNED BY ANDREW HIGGINS
TORPEDOES WAS A SELF PRPELLING WEAPONS THAT EXPLODES AND IS SHOT ABOVE OR BELOW WATER USED TO TAKE OUT SHIPS OR SUBS
IMPROVED SUBWARFARE FIGHTING UNDER WATER TO USED UNDER WATER MINES TO DESTROY SUBS -
Period: to
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
executive order 8802- prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry
the king family and others believe that assassination was carried out by a consirpacy involving the US government. -
G.I.BILL
The Bill outcome for rewturning ww2 veterans basically gave them benefits for benefits includes low-cost mortages,low-interest loans to start business, cash payments of tuition,and one year of unemployment compensation.
The investment in its own future.
The benefits improved lives for people who could not afford to go to college.As 1 of the most impacting program in the U.S i will kick start the econmoyn after ww2. -
POST PAM CONFERENCED
PEOPLE
TRUMAN
CHRUCHHILL
STALIN
SOVIET UNION
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES
SLIT ECONOMY 3 SECTIONS (UNTRUST OF TRUMAN &STALIN STARTED THE COLD WAR) -
RESULTS OF WW2
the U.S effected infratructure of the u.s and other countries in Europe,brought end to the Depression in U.S indusrties had been ignited for the production of arms &* resources trom equip fighting forces.infrastructure had been destroyed resulted in U.S developed Marshall PLan to reconstruct European;help fightff communalism.B.Ended the era of European colonialism, nation was war-weary.In America , Affrican Americans served in the war returned to dicrimimation against them atill civilm rights de -
FLYING TIGARS
SQUARDRON OF AIR PLANES THAT KEPT SUPPLINES OPEN TO CHINA VS.JAPAN VOLUTEERED TO SUPPORT. -
TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
FIRST AA. FIGHTER PILOT GROUP PROVIDE ESCORAS FOR PILOTS ON BOMBONG MISSION HIGH SURVIVAL RATE,WHITE ESORTIN BOMB BRIBS -
Mendez v. Westminster
-federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange Country, California schools
-The district court held that segregrating"Mexican"and"Mexican American " students into different "Mexican " schools was unconstitutional -
Period: to
Baby Boomers
cause- desire for Normally after ww2
Population-During baby boom
1946-34millon
1952- 39 million more than 4 million were born every year from 1854-1964
Effect- 76.4 million baby boomers in the u.s made up of almost 40% of Nations population created the middle class.
NEW STYLES OF SPENDING. -
22nd Amendment
made it to where a president can not be elcected to more than 2 terms FDR was elected to serve 3 times and american was afriad of dictatorship so it regulated the terms -
Desegregation of the armed forces
-President Truman eended segregation in the armed forces
-"it is herby declared to be th policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and oppuntuntiy for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." -
Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D
-U>S Federal District Court case that decided the separatiion of Mexiican American childe=ren based on national orgin was illegel.
-forced the intergration of children in Texas schools
-it did allow seperate classes for the first grade only non-english speaking students -
Period: to
Rock N Roll
World wide popular music that orginated in the U.S in the 50
Af-Am Jazz influenced by blues,& countries music.
Many people relatedto this music which also had a heavy influence on lifestyles, fashion,attitude,&language.
They say rock & roll contributed to civil right movement.
kids loved it parents hated R&R -
Hernandez v. Texas
-U.S Supreme court cse that decided Mexican Americans and other racial groups had eqaul protection under the 14th amendment -
Brown v. Board of Education
-argued by Thurgood Marshall
-challenenged the "seperate-but-equal"philosphy usong the educational systems for african americans
-the U.S Supreme court ruled that sergregation in public schools was prohibited by the U.S Constitution
-example pf effects: pressured states to bring an end to state supported segregation of public facilities -
Period: to
VIETNAM WAR
Support of the Potsdam Agreements -Create stable environment for growth and recovery of Japan, France, and Britain -Continued change in American political environment (different presidential personalities and national goals) -Domino Theory and containment – the idea that the spread of communism was unacceptable -Growing economic interest in Asia Outcomes: -Lasting effect on U.S. military policy and employment -Public hesitancy to enter wars -
Montgomery bus boycott w/Rosa parks
Rosa Parks - african american civiol rights activist; in Montgomery, Alabam(1955), refused to give up seat on the city bus for white men; led to Montgomery Bus Boycott those who participated in sitins , by provoking segregationals into angry responses, succeeded in wining sympathy from others. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference w/MLK
MArtin luther king jr.- leader of Civil Rights Movement; advocated non violent civil disobediance and demand equal rights for African American including desegraretion int he public sphere those who participated in sit- ins by provoking sergregations into angry responses,succeeded in winning sympathy from others. -
Civil Rights 1957
-first civil rights legislation since Reconstructuion
-It was primarily protection of voting rights
-established a federal Civil Rights Commission with authority to investigates discriminatory conditions
-empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote -
Orval Faubus Governer of Arkansas
governor of Arkansas from 1955-1967
called out the National Guard to stop black kids from going to schoool doesnt want desegration wants segregation
Eisenhower federalizes NAtional Guard so they are under the presidents control and sends them back and sned the 101 Airborne to enforce desegragation
Orval shuts down the school for year because he didnt want desegragation -
Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee
-purpose:protest pervasiveness of jim crow and other forms of racism
-methods;organized and carried out protests at segregated white lunch counters the groups also organized and carried out protest at segrated white public librarires, public parks,public swimmming, and movie theaters.
people;Ella Baker, Stokerly Carmichael. -
Congressional Southern Democracts
they said "were not going to pass any civil rights laws no rights for minoritires and women"
laws for the entire country requires votes and they blocked civil rights legislation -
STUDENT NON VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITEE
PURPOSE :PROTEST PERVASIVENESS AND JIM CROW AND OTHER FORMS OF RACISM -
PRESIDENTIAL TERM OF JFK
-KENNEDY PROMISED HE WOULD ACT THE NATION MOVING AGAIN. HE DECLARED THAT THE U.S WOULD HAVE THE WILL AND STRENGTH TO RESIST COMMUNISM AROUND THE WORLD.
-ON MAY 10, HE WON A SOLICE VICTORY IN THE DEMOCRACY PRIMARY IN OVERWHEMINGLY PROTEST WEST VIRGINIA .
THE TERM HE SERVED WAS FROM JANUARY 20,1961-NOVEMBER 22,1963 -
Period: to
VIETNAM POLICY OF JOHN F. KENNEDY
Vietnam policy of John F Kennedy kennedy's policies were that he helped south vietnam and gave them weapons military support and help stop the spread of communism from north to south
Kennedy's oppinion: he said that Vietnam was the tripwire for communism in that area not Laos and JFK also wanted world peace
Kennedy's actions were that he sent more troops to Vietnam to fight the communists -
Period: to
NEW FRONTIES
New frontiers JFKsworn in jan 20 1961 fall of Saigon was the end of the Vietnam war 1975 -
Period: to
VIETNAM POLICY OF JOHN F KENNEDY
KENNEDY'S POLICIES WERE THAT HE HELPED SOUTH VIETNAM AND GAVE THEM WEAPONS MILITARY SUPPORT AND HELP STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM FROM NORTH OR SOUTH KENNNEDY'S OPINIONS. HE SAID THE VIETNAM WAS THE TRIPWIRE FOR COMMUNSIUM IN THAT AREA NOT LAOS AND JFK WANTED WORLD PEACE
KENNEDY'S -
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10925
PURPOSE:TAKE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION TO ENSURE THAT APPLICANTS BY EMPLOYED AND BEING TREATED EQUALLY WITHOUT REGARDING THEIR RACE OR COLOR.
GROUPS:AFRICAN AMERICAN -
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
refers to the steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded -actions of government to create economic opportunities for citizens -
23rd Amendment
permits citizens in the district of columbia to vote for electors for president and vice president only Washington, DC is not a state
not a state not the right to vote
no congressmen or senators -
Period: to
VIETNAM ERA DRAFT
people did not like the vietnam draft they liked world war 2 volunteerism
people did not like the vietnam war
4f status was a military classification for the selective services for canidates were found to be unfit for military services after formal examination
cause: government thought that the more they soldiers they had the better prepared they would be
conscientious objector is a person who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military -
Sam Walton
small-town general store owner who believed he could bring important goods to rural America
-His store Walmart (later SAM's)is now known as an industry leader in supply chain operations and brings low prices and common goods to communities across the world, -
George Wallace Governor of Alabama
45th governor of Alabama from 1963-1967
he said"segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"
-in 1963 Pres, J>K> kennedy's adminstration ordered the US Arny's 2nd infantry Division to enforce the racial intergration of the University of Alambama. -
"I have A DREAM " speech by MLK
-delivered at MArch on Washington; become the chant for many involved int he movement; quoted the Declartion of Independence "all men are created equal..." -
'Letter from Birmingham jail"
-"There are two types of laws , just and unjust,"wrote Dr. Martin Luther King jr.., from jail in 1963. "One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." Similar to the Declaration of Independence, which states that a society has the right to abolish the government if it not meeting the needs of the people. -
Period: to
VIETNAM POLICY OF LYNDON JOHNSON
his oppinion of the Vietnam war were that he believed in the Domino theory and that his policy of Containment was needed in order to stop the communist expansion
policies: LBJ's containment policy
actions: LBJ did not want to appear weak to the enemy and he sent more troops to Vietnam and the casualities rose from 1800 to 18000 -
ASSASSINATION OF PRES. JFK
IN DALLAS , TEXAS HE RODE IN THE LA MOTOCADE THROUGH DEALEY PLAZA IN DOWNTOWN DALLAS.
-CAR TURNED OFF MAIN STREET AT DEALEY PLAZA AROUND 12:30PM .
-BULLETS STRUCK THE PRES. NECK AND HEAD AND THE GOVERNOR OF TEXAS WAS ALSO HIT IN THE CHEST.
-THEY RUSHED HIM TO PARKLAND 1:00PM HE WAS PRONOUNCED DEAD.
EVENTS AFTER:LEE HARVERY OSWALD WAS ACCUSED OF CRIME AND DIDNT MAKE TO TRAIL HE WAS KILLED BY JACK RUBY.
-LYNDON JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT ON AIRFORCE 1 SHORTLY AFTER KENNEDY'S DEATH. -
Period: to
VIETNAM POLICY OF LYNDON B. JOHNSON
HIS OPINION OF THE VIETNAM WAR WAS WERE THAT HE BELIEVED IN THE DOMINO THEORY AND THAT HIS POLICY OF COMMUNISM WAS NEEDED IN ORDER TO STOP THE COMMUNISM EXPANSION,
POLITICIESD LBJ'S CONYTAINMENT POLICY
ACTION- LBJ DID NOT WANT TO APPEAR WEAK TO THE ENEMY AND HE SENT MORE TROOPS TO VIETNAM AND THE CASUTILTES ROSE FROM1800 TO 18000. -
24th Amendment
-Prohibits congress or the states to charge a poll tax to vote
poll tax is pay to vote
-aimed toward poor people which discouraged them because they didnt have a lot of money to begin with. -
Lester Maddox governor of Georgia
-governor from 1967-1971
-said:he would close his restruant rather than serve Af Am- leased and sold the restraunt to its employees rather than serve Af Am- sais"i should be able to serve anybody i want becausre it is private property"
- hired by Af Am throughout the state and helped them move up - intergrated lines of farmers markerts through the state and addresss Blk men & women as Mr. and Mrs not derogatory names -
Organization of Afro- American Unity
purpose: fight for the human rights of african americans and promote coorperation among africnas and people of african descent in the americans methods:radicial involvment
people:Malcolm x. -
Civil Rights Act 1964
-abloished racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers
-unlaful for an employer to"fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation , terms
-conditions, or privileges or employment, because of such individual's race. color , religion,sex,or national origin." -
GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION AND WAR POWERS U.S
U.S. destroyer Maddox exchanged shots with North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin it served as the pretext for an immediate ramp-up of the Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Johnson authorization (without formal declaration of war by Congress) to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia War Powers Act (1973) limits the ability of the President to send troops into combat areas without congression -
Voting Rights Act 1965
-outlawed the requirments to pay a poll tax or take a lieracy test in order to be eligible to vote. -
Malcolm x.
assassinated by Talmade hayer, butler 3x Norman, thomas 15x johnson during malcolm's x speech on organization of afro american Manhattan's audoban ballroom
the public reaction Elijah Muhammad denied any involvement w/the murder. -
HEAD START
provides early educational opportunites for children from low income families -actions of government to create economic opportunities for citizens -
FHA/HUD
Federal Housing Authority – improve housing standards and conditions; insurance of mortgages loans -Government ran, to help limit discrimination -actions of government to create economic opportunities for citizens. -
HEAD START EDUCATION
PROVIDED EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, CREATOR JULE SUAGARMAN. -
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
POLICY FAVORING MEMBERS OF A DISADVANTAGED GROUP WHO ARE PERCIEVED TO SUFFER FROM DISCRIMINATION WITHIN CULTURE. -
National Organization For Women (NOW)
-women's civil rights movements
-Betty Friedan - wrote the Feminine Mystic, detailing the concerns the concerns of American housewives which reinvigorated the Women's movement , co-founded NOW -
Black Pathers Party
-willingness to use violence
-known for being openly armed forces in uniforms of black berets and lether jackets
-had four desires: equality in education, housing, employment and civil rights
-they had 10 point plan to get its desired goals -
25th Amendment
CAUSE:THE 25TH AMENDMENT PREVENTS PASS ISSUES OF WHO TOOK OFFICE WHEN A PRES. DIES.
THE 25TH AMENDMENT SETS WHAT WILL TAKE PLACE IF THE PRES. DIES OR CANT'T TAKE OFFICE FOR MENTAL STATE REASON AND VICE PRES. VACANCY.
EFFECTS: THERE ARE GUIDELINES MADE IN FOUR SECTION THEY ARE PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION, VICE PRESIDENTAL VACANCY,PRESIDENT DECLARTION, VICE PRES.-CABINET DECLARTION SO THAT VACANCIES COULD BE FILLED CORRECTLY. -
United Farm Workers Orgainizing Committee
Caesar Chavez- Hispanic Labor leader and farm workers who worked for reforms and rights of migrant workers those who participated in sit-ins, by provoking segregationists to angry responses,succeeded in winnning sympathy from others. -
Period: to
VIETNAM DRAFT
PEOPLE DID NTO LIKE THE VIETNAM DRAFT THEY LIKED WORLD WAR 2 VOLUNTEEISM PEOPLE DID NOT LIKE THE VIETNAM POLICY.
41 STATES WAS A MILITARY CLASSIFICATION FOR THE SELCETIVE SERVICE FOR CANDIATES QWERE FOUND TO BE UNFIT FOR MILITARY SERVICES AFTER FORMAL EXAMINATION
CAUSE: GOVERNMENT THOUGHT THAT THE MORE THEY SOLDIE5RS THEY HAD THE BETTER PREPARED THEY WOULD THEY WOULD BE
CONSCIEMNTIES OBJECTOR IS A PERSON WHO HAS CLAMIED THE RIGHT TO REFUSE TO PERFORM MILITARYSERVICESONTHEGROUNDSOFFREEDO/RELIGIO -
MLK jr
was assassinated by James earl ray in memphis, Tennessee
thre a.a public lead to violence. -
Period: to
VIETNAM POLICY OF RICHARD NIXON
RICAHARD NIXON'S OPINION WAS THAT AMERICAQN COULD NOT WIN THE WAR AND 300 SOLDIERS WERE DYING IT WEARK SO HE WAS DETERMINED TO END THE WAR POLICIES AND ACTIONS. MADANNE THEORY WHICH MEANT AMERICAN FORCES WOULD WITHDREW AND LEAVE SOUTH VIETNAM SECURE FROM AN ATTACK MILITARY ACTION:NIXON DECIDED TO END THE VIETNAM WAR. -
TINKER VS. DES MOINES.
AT A PUBLIC SCHOOL IN DES MOINES, IOWA STUDENT ORGAINZED A SILENT PROTEST AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR.
STUDENT WORE BLACK ARMBANDS.
RULING THAT WEARING ARMBANDS COULD DISRUPT LEARING
SUPREME COURT HELD THAT THE STUDENT DIDNT LOSE THEIR 1ST AMENDMENT RIGHTS FREEDOM OF SPEECH WHEN THEY STEPPING ONTO SCHOOL PROPERTY. -
POLICY OF VIETNAMIZATION
CAUSE:NIXON BELIEVED VIETNAMIZATION STRATEGY, WAS TO PREPARE THE SOUTH VIETNAMIZATION TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR OWN DEFENSE AGAINST A COMMUNIST TAKEOVER, ALLOW U.S TO LEAVE THE CONFLICT WITH HONOR INTACT.
EFFECTS: 1973U.S NEGOTIATED A TREATY WITH NORTH VIETNAMESE , WITHDREW AMERICAN COMBAT TROOPS, AND DECLARED THE VIETNAMIZATION PROCESS COMPLETE. -
Period: to
VIETNAM POLICY OF RICHARD NIXON
Richard Nixon's opinion was that America could not win the war and 300 soldiers were dying a week so he was determined to end the war
policies and actions: Madame theory which meant American forces would withdraw and leave South Vietnam secure from an attack
military action:Nixon decided to end the Vietnam war -
THE SILENT MAJORITY SPEECH BY NIXON
THE SILENT MAJORITY SPEECH NIXON LAID OUT A PLAN FOR THE END OF THE WAR THROUGH THE PROCESS OF DIPLOMATIC NEGOTATION AND VIETNAMIZATION.
NIXON MADE THIS SPEECH DUE TO HIS THE 1968 ELECTION CAMPAIGN HE SPOKE ABOUT ENDING THE VIETNAM WAR WITH AN HONAORABLE PEACE.
NIXON'S SPEECH WAS ENORMOUSLY SUCCESSFUL RESULTING IN TENS OF THOUSANDS OF LETTERS AND TELGRAMS OF SUPPORT
DOVE-PEOPLE WHO WANTED PEACE
HAWKS-PEOPLE WHO WANTED WAR -
la Raza Unida
- an american political party centered on Chino nationalism -it campaigned for better housing , work, and educational opporuntities for mexican americans -founders:jose angel gutierrez -"get out the vote" method
-
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – established in 1970 due to elevated concern about environmental pollution. EPA's mission is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment- air, water, and land. -
26TH AMENDMENT
educed the voting age from 21 to 18 -This gave the young men being drafted to fight in Vietnam a way to influence policies that affected them. people at age 18 could vote, if they can be drafted and die they can vite now -
26TH AMENDMENT
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance..." -Title IX is best known for its impact on high school and collegiate athletics -actions of government to create economic opportunities for citizens -
Fall of Saigon
pivotal moment at the end of the Vietnam War; U.S. forces had been ordered out of the country; after their withdrawal, the North Vietnamese Army marched into Saigon and took control of the country. -
Edgewood ISD v Kirby
-landmark case concerning public school finance and discrimination againdt students in poor school districts
-this texas case lead to the decision to redistribute property taxes from wealthy school districts to poorer ones
-also know as the Robin Hood decision