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Children of the upper classes hired tutprs for educational purposes, and then would go on to attend college or university, usually abroad.Middle class students attended dame schools, elementary schools, and grammar schools. In the lower classes some apprenticeships were available, but education was virtually non-existent for slaves and the lowest classes. This system widened the economic gap, perputating impoverished conditions. With the contination of public ed. the rise of the middle class has
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(common school movement) Webster considered the role of education central to the free working government. Jefferson believed that public education was important, and passed a bill for more general diffusion of knowledge for civic literacy. Rush impacted education, believing that the mode of education proper in a republic and female literacy. This started the trajectory for free public education, which we have today.
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Created a policy on compulsory education (free elementary education) in 19th century mass.
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The population doubled during this time period, helping the growth of the middle class, and perpetuating a need for more teachers and more educational resources.
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The committee of ten was a group of educators that fought for the standardization of the American High School cirriculum.
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Championed the development of educational thinking. (education must engage with, and enlarge experience)
Also believed there was a strong connection between education and social action in a working democracy. -
Terman and Thorndike standardized the newly accepted IQ test (mental age/age x 100) and published "mental and social measurements" in 1904. Thorndike was responsible for mass admin. of IQ tests (resulting in the justification of sterilization of over 60,000 ppl during this period)
We still use IQ tests (although less exclusivley) today to help understand intelligence. After this was standardized, there was a new way to categorize people based on intelligence in numbers. -
Educational reform postponed, The gap between blacks and whites shrunk (especially in the south)
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The US supreme court ruled that state laws establishing sperate public schools for black and white students unconstitional. This was an important case for our country because it helped set a trajectory for equality. At the time it was out in place, it impacted society greatly in terms of equality. It also unitentionally left many black teachers out of a job.
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President Lyndon Johnson declared "unconditional war on poverty" and implemented the elementary and secondary education act (1965) which federally subdidized schools with large numbers of impoverished students.
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Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act was to ensure services to children with disabilites throughout the nation. Governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special ed, etc for infants, children, toddlers, and youth.
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Ronald Regan's Landmark event in modern education towards more rigorous and measureable standards. However, the issue with this policy as seen today is that many of the intial issues it was meant to address still exist- almost 50% of new teachers leave within the first five years of teaching, and many children drop out of high school. Measureable standards were somewhat useful in collecting data and getting help to where it needed to be, as is the use now.
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Standards have become increasingly important in education throughout American history. (Mainly academic standards, but also content and performance standards)
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Relating to the standards movement, the growth of standardized testing has become increasly important and emphasized in the American Educational system.
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Under the presidency of George W Bush, this act was the most recent (unitl last month) of the ESEA reauthorization. More annual testing, more standardization in cirriculum and testing.
