Education Policy

By betseysuchanic
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    Education Policy

  • Female Seminary Movement

    Goal was to offer women an education equal to that of men.

  • Sarah Josepha Hale became the editor of Godey’s Lady’s Book

    (one of the first women’s magazines). Hale believed women deserved an equal education. Hale began publishing the works of established authors such as Poe, Holmes, and Irving. Hale also advertised colleges that accepted women at the time.

  • Seneca Falls Convention

    Called for coeducation in public schools.

  • Massachusetts passes a Compulsory Education Law

  • End of Reconstruction

  • Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States

    This case was not specifically about religion, or education at all, but Justice Brewer famously said “[America] is a Christian nation,” affirming religion in America, and therefore encouraging religion in all parts of life.

  • Plessy v. Ferguson

  • Butler Act in Tennessee outlaws teaching of human evolution

    -Fined teachers for not cooperating
    -1927, Tennessee state court found the law to be unconstitutional under the state constitution

  • Alvarez v. the Board of Trustees of Lemon Grove School District

  • W.V. State Board of Education vs. Barnette

    This case protected students from having to salute the flag. This was especially important for Jehovah's Witnesses.

  • Everson v. Board of Education

    Government cannot use taxes to fund religious schools, originally dealing with just school transportation for a Catholic school, but it applies to all areas

  • United Nations declares education to be a human right.

    The United Nations declared education to be a human right in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

  • Educational Testing Service Formed

  • McCollum vs. Board of Education

    Members of multiple faiths combined to form the Champaign Council on Religious Education. They offered voluntary religious education during the school day. The Supreme Court ruled that taxpayer’s money could not be used for religious instruction, and that it violated the Establishment Clause.
    -Establishment Clause prohibits the government from funding or encouraging religious activity

  • "One Nation Under God" added to the Pledge of Allegiance

  • Brown v. Board of Education

  • Little Rock Nine

  • Engel v. Vitale

    Court found a New York school’s non-denominational prayer at the beginning of the school day unconstitutional

  • Murry v. Curlett and Abington Township School District v. Schempp

    Spreads to 1993. Supreme Court found that Abington Township School District in Pennsylvania was violating the Constitution because they had students recite Bible verses and the Lord’s Prayer. Murray challenged the requirement of the Baltimore school board that the Lord's Prayer be recited prior to the beginning of the day's classes.

  • Affirmative Action programs were created.

    Affirmative Action programs were created to enforce equality of race and gender in the workforce and in education.

  • Epperson v. Arkansas

    Laws that ban the teaching of evolution in public schools are unconstitutional.

  • Ocean Hill-Brownsville Schools

  • Bilingual Education Act

  • Lemon v. Kurtzman

    Three cases all at once, challenging PA and RI laws. This case set a precedent for all future cases, and established what is known as The Lemon Test. The Court decided that government funded education must: serve a “secular legislative purpose”; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion, and it must not foster “excessive government entanglement with religion.”

  • Milliken v. Bradley

  • Federal Tribal Colleges Act

  • Stone v. Graham

    The Supreme Court ruled against a Kentucky statute that wanted the Ten Commandments posted in schools.

  • Emergency Immigration Education Act

  • Edwards v. Aguillard

    Teaching creationism in schools is unconstitutional
    "Teaching a variety of scientific theories about the origins of humankind to school children might be validly done with the clear secular intent of enhancing the effectiveness of science instruction."

  • Lee v. Weisman

    No prayer at graduation

  • Proposition 187

  • US Department of Education publishes pamphlet about religion in schools

    Under President Bill Clinton, the US Department of Education publishes pamphlet about religion in schools

  • United States v. Virginia et. al.

    The Supreme Court ruled that Virginia Military Institute must accept women.

  • Proposition 209

  • Proposition 227

  • Passage of the No Child Left Behind Act

    NCLB significantly emphasized scientific advancement in students’ educations.

  • Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

    Intelligent design could not be taught in schools.

  • Newdow vs Rio Linda Union School District

    The words “Under God,” could remain in the Pledge, because no statute required students to say the Pledge.