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- Barnes Report (approved by the Malays)
- Ordinance Report (alteration to Barnes Report)
- Fenn-Wu (approved by Chinese and Indians)
- Razak Report (compromise between the Fenn-Wu and Ordinance Report)
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The Barnes Report was implemented through the 1952 Education Ordinance despite Chinese protests.
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The Razak Report was implemented as the education framework for independent Malaya. National schools were introduced. National schools used Malay language as form of communication whereas schools that used other languages would be known as “national-type“.
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Lower Certificate of Education (LCE)‘ exam for Form 3 students was introduced.
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Rahman Talib’s Report was the basis of the Education Act 1961. The act allows the national language to be a compulsory subject in primary and secondary school. All schools using English as the medium of instruction were gradually adopting the national language.
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First batch of students that used Malay as a mode of communication graduated from University Malaya.
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The Malaysian government introduced various initiatives to facilitate the greater adoption of ICT in education.
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Malaysian Certificate of Education (MCE) exam was introduced to Form 5 students. Known now as SPM.
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Examinations that were handled by UCLES were stopped. UCLES still advises the Malaysian Examinations Syndicate on standards.
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New Primary School Curriculum was introduced.
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• The National Philosophy of Education was released.
• Integrated Secondary School curriculum was implemented. -
Lower Certificate of Education (LCE) is replaced by Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR).
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• After the enactment of the Education Act, pre-school education became a part of the formal education system.
• Level One Evaluation (PTS) was given to Year 3 students. Excellence in this test allowed students to skip Year 4 and attend Year 5 instead. -
Level One Evaluation (PTS) removed.
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English was introduced as the language of instruction in sciences and mathematics subjects. A new subject, English for Science and Technology (EST) was introduced.
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Several changes were made to the format of the 2 Malay papers, Pemahaman and Penulisan UPSR.
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Students were given a GCE‚ O‘ Level grade for their English paper with the normal English SPM paper. The National Education Blueprint 2006–10 released. The Blueprint set a number of goals, such as establishing a National Pre-School Curriculum, setting up 100 new classes for students with special needs, increasing the percentage of single-session schools to 90% for primary schools and 70% for secondary schools, and decreasing class sizes from 31 to 30 students in primary schools and more.
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SPM used a new grading system, the grades ranging from A+ to G previously 1A.
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A subject limit of 10 was imposed on every SPM candidate. The minimum of 8 subjects were lowered to 6.
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PMR an exam for Form 3 students will be abolished in 2014 and replaced with a School-Based Assessment (SBA) conducted by the schools.
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Sejarah is added as a compulsory pass subject for all students taking SPM to make them eligible to receive the examination certificate in 2013.