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The percentages agreement was a secret informal agreement between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin during the Fourth Moscow Conference in October 1944. It gave the percentage division of control over Eastern European countries, dividing them into spheres of influence. -
agree on a system of economic order and international cooperation that would help countries recover from the devastation of the war and foster long-term global growth. At its conclusion, the conference attendees produced the Articles of Agreement for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
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Germany / 4
USSR gains land from Poland
Stalin's declaration on liberated Europe -
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Roosevelt died
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Germany + 5Ds
Germany to become single economic unit
USSR received reparations from its own zone & 25% from western zones
Truman detonates A-bomb before but Stalin already aware of Manhattan Project -
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In February 1946 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin delivered a speech to voters in a Moscow electoral district. He reflected on the Allied victory in World War II, the stability of the Soviet system and the performance of the Red Army. Most notably, he claimed that war was inevitable in any system where capitalism is dominant
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It proposed that the world was divided into two camps: the "imperialistic", headed by the United States; and the "democratic", headed by the Soviet Union.
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October 16: Nikos Zachariadis, leader of the Communist Party of Greece, declares an end to the armed uprising. The declaration brings to a close the Greek Civil War, and the first successful containment of communism.
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evaluating the political aims of the Soviet Union and making recommendations for American foreign policy- urges USA to adopt a globalist stance against the threat of Communism
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'Iron Curtain' descending on Europe
- physical division between east and west
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Strategic Air Command
the Strategic Air Command (SAC) headed by General Curtis LeMay- this set up to serve as a primary defence system for the USA -its role was to provide 24 hour readiness to respond to an external nuclear threat -responsible for the deployment & management of the USA's growing nuclear force
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In September 1946 James F. Byrnes, the United States Secretary of State, addressed an audience in Stuttgart. This became known as the ‘Speech of Hope’ because it promised Germans an eventual return to self-government Byrnes tells German listeners that America is working for a self-governing and economically viable Germany.
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More than 95 percent of Bulgarians vote to abolish the monarchy and form a “people’s republic”. The following month they elect the communist Georgi Dimitrov as prime minister. Soviet interference and vote rigging is suspected in both elections.
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It aimed to analyze Soviet behavior in the aftermath of World War II and assess the challenges it posed to the United States- details breaches and violations of post-war agreements by the Soviet Union. It is believed to have significantly influenced US foreign policy during the early Cold War, potentially contributing to the development of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.
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American quest for domination
Opportunistic
Soviet take on KLT -
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widely introduced the term "containment" and advocated for its strategic use against the Soviet Union.
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The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) commences its investigation of communist influence and infiltration in Hollywood. HUAC is told that US State Department employee Alger Hiss was a communist in the 1930s.
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The Truman Doctrine was a pledge from the United States to provide political, military, and economic assistance to democratic nations around the world that were threatened by external or internal authoritarian forces. shift from isolationism -> global police containment of communism
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Truman addresses Congress and requests a military aid package for Greece and Turkey so their governments can resist a communist takeover. This speech is the first expression of the Truman Doctrine.
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$13.5 bil, 16 countries, 5 years- 80% loans, 20% importing American market goods economic and political ties laid the foundations for creation of European Economic and Steel Community in 1957
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King Michael of Romania is forced to abdicate by Communist Party chief Gheorghiu-Dej. The communists declare the birth of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Future dictator Nicolae Ceausescu is named agriculture minister in the new government.
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formed in Colombia
purpose- interregional solidarity, social and economic cooperation between USA & central america -
The Communist Party assumes control of Czechoslovakia after Edvard Benes is forced to accept the resignation of non-communist politicians.
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Brussels Treaty, agreement signed by Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, creating a collective defense alliance. It led to the formation of NATO and the Western European Union.
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Fanned by the fear of Communist expansion and the rapid deterioration of European economies in the winter of 1946–1947, Congress passed the Economic Cooperation Act in March 1948 and approved funding that would eventually rise to over $12 billion for the rebuilding of Western Europe.
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backed by £ and $, stronger than Reichsmarke. Provoked the Berlin Blockade 3 days later
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the Soviet Union blocked all land and water access to West Berlin, effectively isolating the 2.5 million residents there.
Their motive was to force the Western Allies to abandon West Berlin or agree to Soviet demands, potentially including the unification of Germany under communist control = Berlin Airlift
involved flying in essential supplies eg food, fuel, and medicine
Over 2.3 million tons of supplies delivered on more than 270,000 flights -
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A communist government led by Boleslaw Bierut is elected in Poland. Bierut’s Polish Workers Party wins 394 out of 444, however, the elections are tainted by allegations of persecution and vote rigging.
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It becomes known in the West as the ‘Soviet Marshall Plan’.
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Konrad Adenauer becomes the first chancellor of West Germany.
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marks end of US nuclear monopoly - security dilemma
The Soviet Union conducts its first successful atomic test, detonating a 22 kiloton bomb codenamed “Joe One” -
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first US Act of Congress dedicated to offering military aid to foreign nations The act signaled a major change in US foreign policy, moving towards active involvement in global affairs to counter Soviet influence.
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