Cold war and Elizabethan era

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  • Period: 1558 to

    Elizabethan era

  • Nov 17, 1558

    Queen Elizabeth becomes queen

  • 1559

    Religious settlement

    The Act of Supremacy - Made Elizabeth the supremem goverener of the Church of England, clery and royal officials had to swear oath to her.
    The Act of Uniformity - Established the appearance of churches and services they held.
    Royal injunctions - Instructions issued by William Cecil to the clergy to reinforce the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Instructed how people should worship God and how to do services.
  • 1559

    Lord's rebellion

    Protestant Scottish lords rebelled against the catholic rule of Mary of Guise. Elizabeth supported this by sending troops to Scotland. This was to stop the spread of catholicism and halt the fench infuence.
  • 1561

    Mary Queen of Scots returned to Scotland

  • 1565

    Crucifix controversey

    Elizabeth wanted to be keep crucifixes in church too kepp their familiar look and feel. However puritans didn't wan't them as they saw it as idolatry. Elizabeth had to back down and was an instance where she could not fully enforce her will. Buit she still kept crucifixes in the royal chapel.
  • 1565

    Dutch Revolt Begins

    A rebellion from the protestant populations of the Netherlands against the Catholic rule of King Phillip the Second
  • 1566

    Vestement Controversy

    Puritan clergy saw the vestements as two catholics as they weren't simple enough. As a result many puritans did not follow through on the Act of Uniformity. This resulted in the Archbishop of Cantebury issuing further guidelines in his "book of Advertisements". He held a exhibition which invited 110 clergy in which 37 refused and lost their post.
  • 1568

    Genoese Loan incident

    Spain was using italian bankers to help fund the troops in the Netherlands. This was often transported by boat through the English channel and held temporarily at English ports. Elizabeth seized the money claiming that it wasn't really Spain's property. Spain was outraged and saw this as theft
  • 1568

    Mary Queen of Scots flees to England and is put under house arrest.

    Mary's husband, Lord Darnley, was murdered suspected of being murdered by the Earl of Bothwell and Mary. When she married Bothwell, the protestant Lords saw this as an admission of her guilt and revolted forcing Mary to abdicate. She raised an army to get her throne back but failed. She was house arrest for 19 years and became the focal point of many plots.
  • 1569

    Revolt of the Northern Earls

    The main objective was to get the Duke Of Norfolk (the richest man in England) to marry Elizebeth. The plan was uncovered to the Northern Earls fle they had no choice but to rebel to avoid execution. The Earl of Sussex rallied up an army of 10,000 and defeated the rebels. Elizabeth hanged people until they rotted as a deterrant. Northumberland got passed around and executed in the end.
  • 1570

    Papal Bull against Elizabeth

    This excommunicated Elizabeth. It declared her a heretic and also said she had no right to the throne. This was siginificant because it encouraged Catholic plots. The earliest example being the Ridolfi plot.
  • 1570

    Decline of the wool trade

    Wool was a major export for England and had backed up the economey. After the Dutch revolt and many other factors, it collapsed which meant that England could no longer trade with the Netherlands. A consequence fo this was Drake's circumnavigation has Elizabeth had tasked him to find new trade routes to replace the wool trade. Happened around 1570s-1580's.
  • 1571

    Ridolfi Plot

    Its main objective was to overthrough Elizabeth with the support of Duke of Alva, the pope and Phillips II. However the Duke of Alva wasn't very interested in the plan so didn't back it up much. Phillips II said he would only invade England after Elizabeth had been overthown. The plan was slowly unconvered by Elizabeth. It lead to the execution of the Duke of Norfolk. Ridolfi got away.
  • 1572

    Drake attacked the Spanish at Nombre de dios in Panama

    Its main aim was to challenge Spain's dominace over the seas and world. Drake attacked the key port to steal silver and gold but only partly succeded due to the Spanish being warned before hand. It was part of the growing conflict leading to the Anglo-Spanish war.
  • 1572

    Change in Vagabond laws.

    If you were found to be begging you would be burnt and whipped for the first offense. For the second offense you would be executed.
  • 1576

    Act for the Relief of the Poor

    This introduced the distinction between the derserving and underserving poor. This saw the introduction of Houses of Correction which put the underserving poot to work, often hard labour like breaking stones.
  • 1576

    Spanish Fury

    Spanish troops were going unpaid in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt. This lead to the violent, uncontrolled looting and massacre in Antwerp. It led to the 17 Dutch provinces to unite (catholic and protestant) and led to the pacification of Ghent. Elizabeth sent money to the dutch rebels to avoid war while showing support.
  • 1576

    Pacification Of Ghent

    It called for the Spanish troops to leave the Netherlands and the restoration of the traditional rights and freedoms.
  • Dec 1, 1577

    Drake's Circumnavigation begins

    Elizabeth instructed Drake to raid Spanish settlments and well as find new tade routes to Asia. Drake left the port with 5 ships, this was reduced down to 3 ships when he got to the pacific ocean and then further reduced to 1 ships which made it around the globe the "Golden Hind".
  • 1579

    Duke of Parma put in charge

    The Duke of Parma was a strong military leader. He took many rebel cities like Antwerp in 1585. He used careful strategy and divided up the oppisiution back into catholics and protestants with the Union of Arras for catholics. The Protestants formed the Union of Utrecht in response. The Duke of Parma would have beaten the protestants so Elizabeth had to intervene with the treaty of Nonsuch
  • Feb 1, 1579

    Drake attacks Cacafuego

    During Drake's circumanvigation, he raided a Spanish treasure ship called the Cacafuego. He captured £150,000 to £160,000 worth of treaure which would be equivalent to hundreds of millions of pounds. Elizabeth was able to use her portion to pay of England's debts but it enraged Phillips II increasing chance of war.
  • 1580

    Drake returns from Circumnavigation

    He came back with an approximate £400,000 of treasure which resulted in him getting knighted by Elizabeth in 1581.
  • 1582

    Alencon fails

    Alencon gravely miscalculated and tried to take key cities like Antwerp by force. This ended badly making him lose the support of the Dutch protestants so he withdrew in 1583.
  • 1582

    Duke of Alencon goes to Netherlands

    The Duke of Alencon was invited by the Dutch protestants to fight against the Spanish by acting as their leader. This was done after the Act of Abjurgation. He had some success when he trurned ot Netherlands with some troops and even Elizabeth gave money to him as he acted as a counterbalance against Spain.

  • Throckmorton Plot

    Its main objective was to restore Catholicism. It aws backed by the French Duke of Guise and financially supported by the Spanish but that financial backing never arrived. The governement found a piece of paper detailing the entire plot including the names of all those involved was found. Throckmorton was executed in July 1584.

  • William of Orange died

    WIlliam of Orange was the figurehead of the dutch revolt. He was a major threat so Phillips II put a bounty on his head which resulted in his death by a Catholic Frenchman in 10 July 1584

  • Treaty of Joinville

    After the Duke of Alencon died in 1584, the throne was likely going to go to Henry of Navarre who was a protestant. The Catholic league wanted to prevent this so signed a treaty with Spain called the treaty of Joinville to prevent this.

  • Treaty of Nonsuch

    It was a military treaty between Elizabeth and the Dutch protestants as a direct result of the Treaty of Joinville. It was introduced to keep Spain from dominating the Netherlands which would have threatened England's security. Elizabeth had agreed to send military forces and money to the Netherlands and was the first time England officialy declared war on Spain.

  • Babington Plot

    Its main objective was to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots. In July 1586, Babington made a a plan in six steps. Walsingham's spies convinced Mary Queen of Scots hidden in beer barrel stoppers. All of these were sent to Walsingham including the one where Mary said to go ahead with the assassination fo Elizabeth.

  • Armada first spotted

  • Battle of Gravelines

    The battle of Gravelines was the decisive battle of the war. The English developed a new type of ships called galleons but only 24 of these were built. Tactics like firships were used where old ships would be doused in oil and set on fire. These ships were then sent towards the Spanish ships at night. This forced them to cut their anchors which meant for the rest of the time they could not stay in one place. They were meant to meat up with the Duke of Parmy and his army in the Netherlands.