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Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
The Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of schools was unconstitutional.
Thurgood Marshall- NAACP's lead attorney played a major role in the ruling that segregation was unconstitutional.
This decision was deemed unconstitutional because of the 14th amendment.
Was actually a set of cases throughout the nation that all reached the attention of the Supreme Court at the same time. -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
Color line: black people not having access to the same things as white people. Robinson was hired in 1945 by Branch Rickey, general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was taunted by fans, some of his teammates resented him, and members of opposing teams would try to spike him with their cleats. -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation: separating groups of people, typically by race. The order signed by Truman stated that “... there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.” This was in an attempt to stop segregation in military and the color line in general which he wrote a letter regarding the issue saying that, “I shall never approve of it,” he wrote. “I am going to try to remedy it.” -
CORE Founded
Civil Rights: the rights to be free and to be treated equally
CORE was made by a group of students with its goal being to use nonviolent direct actions to change things. Its first action was in a segregated coffee shop in Chicago, it then spread in the North and eventually started to help issues in the South. -
Birmingham Campaign
SCLC: African American civil rights group in which Martin Luther King Jr. was the president of. Birmingham was one of the most segregated cities in the entire country. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the leaders of this campaign -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act banned any sort of discrimination.
Originally Kennedy's idea but Johnson managed to get it passed
Plessy vs. Ferguson: case in 1896 that determined separate but equal facilities. -
First Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
Sit in- peaceful protest where you sit in a public place
Jim Crow Laws- laws promoting racial segregation in the south
African American college students went into Woolsworth every day. Eventually these students were attacked by white customers/employees. -
Freedom Rides
Civil Disobedience: Refusing to follow a rule or law to peacefully protest it.
SNCC: One of the most important civil rights groups, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Student protestors were behind the sit ins and freedom rides and were using them as a form of nonviolent protests. Freedom rides were done to test if southern states were following the nonsegregated interstate travel laws. -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock Nine: 9 African American students who were enrolled to Little Rock High and were discriminated against because people wanted schools segregated. The students had to be personally escorted by military people to insure their safety. -
March on Washington
NAACP: An association whose goal is to fight segregation and discrimination based on race. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott: avoiding a good or service as a form of protest
Rosa Parks: An African American woman in Montgomery, Alabama who refused to give her seat to a white man even though that was the law.
The boycott was a form of protesting the bus segregation in Montgomery where African Americans did not take the bus for over a year. African Americans would instead walk, bike, and carpool. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Disenfranchise: to take someone's right to vote
The act outlawed different tests and tactics that were made to make it harder for African Americans to vote. -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black Power: a movement focusing on the rights and political power of African Americans -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam:
Malcom X: A Black Muslim political leader in the 20th century. -
Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
Affirmative Action: a policy that helps those who are being discriminated against. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Discrimination: treating someone differently or unfairly because of their race, sex, age, etc. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
Desegregation: Ending racial segregation. -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission: A group whose job was to analyze past civil disobedience and give advice on what to do in the future to avoid it.
Ghettos: A section in a city which usually has higher rates of poverty where minorities live.
