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American civil rights activist who gained national renown at a key juncture in the civil rights movement in 1962, when he became the first African American student at the University of Mississippi. Kennedy gave support to the freedom riders by sending federal marshals to protect them. C. Afraid to take a stand during the first year of his presidency, Kennedy did nothing. -
The case Brown v. The Board of Education addressed the issue with segregation in schools. One main case involved a young African American girl named Linda Brown, who was denied admission in Topeka, Kansas school because of her race and she was told to attend an all-black school across town. The outcome of this case was that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -
Martin Luther King Jr. tried to accomplish the ending of segregation and racism through nonviolent passive resistance. The boycott resulted in the Supreme Court ruling segregation on public buses unconstitutional. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLanYTrI23Y
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In September 1957, the school board in Little Rock, Arkansas, ordered nine African American students to be admitted to Central High, a school with 2,000 white students. He closed all the schools for a year to prevent African American attendance. Little Rock citizens voted against integration and the schools remained closed. -
A large number of African American living in Urban areas had to suffer extreme discrimination. The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP) was founded in October 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality. -
Four young black men led Student Nonviolent coordinating committee in sit in movement. They were trying to get education for black people. They wanted to produced a new sense of pride and power for African Americans. Blacks realized that they could change their communities with local coordinated action. http://www.african-american-civil-rights.org/sit-in-movement/
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The Freedom Riders escaped the bus as it burst into flames, only to be brutally beaten by members of the surrounding mob. The second bus, a Trailways vehicle, traveled to Birmingham, Alabama, and those riders were also beaten by an angry white mob, many of whom brandished metal pipes. They Sought to test a 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that segregation of interstate transportation facilities, including bus terminals, was unconstitutional as well. -
The March on Washington was a massive protest march that occurred in August 1963, when some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.. The event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities. After the march they passed The Civil Rights Act of 1968. -
Malcolm X was an African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister and supporter of Black nationalism. He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr.. Throughout 1964, his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, and he was repeatedly sent death threats. On February 21, 1965, he was assassinated in New York City. -
It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. This “act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution” was signed into law 95 years after the amendment was ratified. The Selma marches were organized by nonviolent activists to demonstrate the desire of African-American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist repression.
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