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In the case of Brown Vs. Board of Education there was a student by the name of Linda Brown who had to travel miles from her home to attend a Colored School with an all white school near her house in Topeka,Kansas. Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP director of Legal Defense and Education who fought segregation in schools. In May of 1954 Supreme Court ruled unanimously that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. They ruled that it was against the 14th Amendment. -
Following the events of Rosa Park's arrest, several African American leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to boycott and to arrange the end of segregation on buses with city leaders. Electing Martin Luther King Jr. as their leader the boycott lasted for over a year, by carpools or just walking to their destination. Then in 1956 the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a special three judge panel declaring Alabama’s laws requiring segregation on buses unconstitutional. -
In Little Rock,Arkansas the school board won a court order require-
ing that nine African American students be admitted to Central High, a school with 2,000 white students.The governor ordered troops to intimidate students who were trying to register.Eisenhower sent the National Guard to escort and protect the students for the rest of the school year. -
On February 1,1960 young students, Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr., David Richmond, and Franklin McCain organized a Sit-In. They bought school supplies and then sat at the lunch counter
and ordered coffee. They were denied service and Blair ,asked, “I beg your pardon, but you just served us at counter. Why can’t we be served at the counter here?” They stated that they will come back everyday until they will be served. News spread fast and 29 students went to Woolworth's to protest. -
Although it was against the law there was still segregation on buses so.The CORE leader James Farmer asked teams of African American and white volunteers, many of whom were college students, to travel into the South to draw attention to its refusal to integrate bus terminals. They were called the Freedom Riders ,they arrived in the south, slitting tires, breaking widows and mobs attacking the buses. As they got out of the bus they were attacked by the mob JFK felt compelled to fix the violence. -
An African American air force veteran by the name of James Meredith applied for the University of Mississippi. The University did not comply with the Supreme Court ruling ending segregation education. Meredith tried to register at the university’s admissions office, only to find Ross Barnett, the governor of Mississippi, stopped him.JFK ordered 500 Marshals to escort him but under no orders not to fire. JFK then sent thousands of troops to protect Meredith fighting late all day. -
MLKJ noticed that the Civil Rights Bill was having a hard time getting pushed through Congress. To build more public support so When A. Philip Randolph suggested a march on Washington, King agreed. Then more than 20,000 went to the capitol to heard King's speech about freedom and equity for all American citizens. -
Voting rights were still not secure for minorities. This led to the Selma March that was to achieve voting rights. Then during the march there were attacks by the police officers which caused over 70 people to be injured. Authorization for federal examiners to qualify African American voters. bill. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized
the U.S. attorney general to send federal examiners to register
qualified voters. -
The Great Migration of the 1920's and 1940's caused 70% of African Americans moved to cities from the South by still faced racism and prejudice. African Americans did not have many opportunity to get good paying jobs causing them to stay in poverty and live in poor conditions. With only 15% of African American going blue collar jobs. The Black Panthers was a group of African American who believed that a revolution was necessary to gain rights. -
Malcolm X was a civil rights activist who had believed that whites and African Americans should be separated from each other and form their own community , but then changed his views and believed they could live together with no serration. He felt that African Americans should protect themselves from the whites even if it mean by violence, but that went against MLK's beliefs. After MLK's passing congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1965.
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