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Southern Black Codes of 1865 -1866
The end of the Civil War marked the end of slavery for millions of black Southerners. But the war also left them without land and little money to support themselves. White Southerners, seeking to control the freedmen (former slaves), devised special state law codes. Many Northerners saw these codes as blatant attempts to restore slavery. -
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The Great Migration
Events of note:
A Mass exodus of African Americans from the South to the Northern eastern areas of the United States
The signing of the 13th,14th, and 15th Amendments:
"Black Codes"
Atlanta Compromise: Booker T. Washington
Declaration of Principles. W.E.B. Du Bois -
13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution
13th Amendment: signed on 1865 bans slavery for ever in the United States and territories. "Black Codes wereviewed as, yet another form of slavery with its restrictions on southern Blacks and their rights.
14th Amendment: signed on 1868 guarantees citizenship to African Americans. This Amendment attempted to abolish state discriminatory laws associated with "Black Codes.".
15th Amendment: signed on 1870 guarantees African Americans the right to vote, which states -
Urbanization 1890 to 1915 Chicago
Urbanization was a direct result of the Great Migration. New opportunities invited both migrating African Americans, as well as European immigrants. New inventions, labor opportunities, and laws were formed as a direct results of population overload. -
Settlement Houses 1890 - 1912 Chicago and New York
These houses were meant to help the working class find aid. They provided services primarily for women, such as child daycare, night classes, free health care and libraries. The settlement house reform movement quickly spread to other urban cities and later became the basis for various laws, such as housing laws, child labor laws, and worker’s compensation laws. -
Jane Adams in Chicago
created social change and reformed the strategies used to relieve the strain of mass population within a limited space -
The Great Migration
A Mass exodus of African Americans from the South to the Northern eastern areas of the United States. Lead to Urbanization of many North eastern cities, and the rediscovery of African American Culture. Immigration was at its height, which lead to civil unrest, segregation, isolation, and culture wars, as well as the establishment of labor and immigration regulatory laws. -
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Urbanization
Events of note:
The invention of Lighting, the Telephone, Trolleys/Subways:
Skyscrapers / Settlement Houses:
Jane Adams in Chicago and Lilian Ward in New York found settlement housing for those in need of living, work, and skills. -
Booker T. Washington
In 1881 he became the first principal for the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama, which was an all black school. He is most famous for his speech delivered at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1995. The speech was meant to promote and inspire African Americans to work hard for their own well being rather then fight for civil rights. He wanted to create a peace and compromise the civil rights of the African American. -
Urban Railroads (Trolleys/Subways) New York
Trolleys and the subways provided transportation for workers who could no longer work close to the factories, as well as public transportation throughout the city for its residents. -
Lights in the city streets Chicago
The invention of the light bulb provided illumination for the public streets to invite evening activity, as well as lighting for factories to increase production hours. -
The Telephone
The telephone helped to expand communication between factories and business owners in order to increase efficiency and production -
W.E.B Du, Bois
W.E.B.Du Bois, was the first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard University. He formed a small group of leaders for civil rights and drafted a bill which called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans, also known as the “Declaration of Principles.” He founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Du Bois inspired other leaders during the Progressive movement. -
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Harlem Renaissance
Events of note:
The Jazz age: artists, musicians, and writers unite and the public entertainment scene takes flight.
Marcus Garvey; Black Star Steamship Line and the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), provide inspiration for ideals based on a black economy
Claude McKay: Poetry and Civil rights advocate -
Black Star steam ship line
The Black Star Line (BSL) was a steamship corporation established in 1919 by Pan-Africanist Marcus Garvey, the leader of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The BSL would ship goods to people in Africa, thus working to build a global black economy. In 1922, Garvey was arrested on mail fraud charges for selling stock in a ship that had not yet been purchased for the Black Star Line. He was convicted in 1923 and after appeals, imprisoned in 1925. -
Harlem Renaissance New York
Harlem, a part of Manhattan, became the hub for African American art, music, politics, and writing. Leaders within the movement looked to address issues of integration without segregation, as well as various civil rights
