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Catherine of Aragon was Henry VIII’s first wife. He divorced her in 1533 after she failed to produce a male heir, leading him to break from the Catholic Church and form the Church of England. known as the Anglican Church
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Mary I was, daughter of Catherine of Aragon and first queen regnant of England , she was also called Bloody Mary. -
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William Tyndale publishes English translation of the New Testament (The Tyndale Bible) -
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Anne Boleyn was the second wife of Henry VIII who was executed because she was suspected of adultery
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Act of Supremacy establishes the Church of England with Henry VIII as supreme head -
Jane Seymour was the third wife of Henry VIII , she died shortly after giving birth to Henry VIII's only surviving legitimate son, Edward VI. She stayed married to Henry VIII from 1536 - 1537. -
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Son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour, Edward succeeded his father in 1547 aged nine. But he died of tuberculosis before his sixteenth birthday in 1553. -
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Religious beliefs were imposed, Every parish was required to use the Book of Common Prayer, and those who did not attend Anglican services were fined .
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The Second Act of Supremacy was done by Elizabeth I. She abolished the authority of the Pope, restored the authority of the Queen over the Church, and became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Started the doctrine and religious beliefs of the Church of England.
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He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots (who had been executed by Elizabeth)
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The Northern Rebellion was a rebellion against religious reforms, involving 6,000 insurgents. There was also an attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary, Queen of Scots. The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland.
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The excommunication of Elizabeth I was done by Pope Pius V, who issued a papal bull called “Regnans in Excelsis”, a formal document that declared Elizabeth a heretic and excommunicated her from the Catholic Church. -
163 persons were killed during The repression of 26 years.
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Death penalty for any person converting to or already converted to Catholicism. It was now forbidden to participate in or celebrate the Catholic Mass. Anglican services were obligatory otherwise, individuals were fined.
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Rules given to Paint the queen’s portrait. Pinters needed to have undergone a seven year training.
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Conspiracy done by Young catholic who had sworn to kill Elisabeth and put Mary Scot’s on the throne.
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Mary was the daughter of king James V of Scotland , she was a threat to Elizabeth because Mary was her cousin and a legitimate heir.
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King James I of England and VI of Scotland, he strongly believed in the divine rights of the king. -
It was a conspiracy led by a small group of Catholic people to blow up the parliament and King James l. -
King James tried to introduce a financial reform so that he would receive a fixed but the MP feared the king would no longer need to call Parliament anymore to get the money so the house of commons refuse to vote in favour of the great contract so James dismissed the Parliament
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Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very unpopular)
England at war with Spain and France -
James wanted to ask money for The Thirty Years’War
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MPs passed the Three Resolutions: Anyone promoting Catholicism or changing the Protestant Church was an enemy of the Kingdom. Anyone advising the King to collect taxes without Parliament’s approval was also an enemy. This angered King Charles
He Imprisoned the MPs and dissolved Parliament. And Declared there would be no more Parliaments, starting his Personal Rule. -
King Charles I rules without Parliament, leading to increased tensions between the monarchy and the people. It was also called the “ The Eleven Years Tyranny” because it lasted 11 years.
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The Scottish Crisis began in the 1630s when King Charles I tried to force a new prayer book on the Scots, which they rejected. In 1638, they signed the National Covenant to defend their religion, leading to the Bishops’ Wars (1639–1640), where Charles failed to defeat them. This weakened his authority.
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Needing money to fight the Scots, Charles called a parliament for the first time in 11 years but it was dissolved after only three weeks.
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It was a peace Treaty
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Charles called Parliament again. The 1640 Parliament was determined to remedy 11 years of grievances and wanted to ensure regular parliaments.
They passed two acts ensuring that:
Parliament should meet at least every 3 years
The dissolution of Parliament required its consent -
Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers
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Important document voted by Parliament after heated debates.
It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers
the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
the right for Parliament to reform the Church -
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A series of conflicts between Royalists (supporters of King Charles I) and Parliamentarians over governance and authority. The war ends with Charles I’s execution.
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new army created by the Parliamentarians
Unlike the earlier regional armies, this was a national, centralized army, controlled and paid from Westminster rather than the counties -
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England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic).Becoming a republic under Oliver Cromwell after abolishing the monarchy and the House of Lords.
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England’s first and only written constitution -
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End of the Commonwealth and start of the Cromwellian Protectorate (or Military Protectorate)
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It promised:
A general amnesty (pardon)
To continue religious toleration
To share power with Parliament in return for the restoration of monarchy -
The monarchy is restored with Charles II, after Cromwell’s death. Charles promises religious tolerance and cooperation with Parliament. -
all ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer
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plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
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Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne
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After his death, he was succeeded by his brother James ll -
James II is overthrown, and William III and Mary II take the throne, establishing a constitutional monarchy. But they promised to accept Parliament’s authority
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Established religious pluralism, and freedom of worship for all Protestants
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This important document limited the monarch’s power for the first time
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Ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs it also put an end to the 16th and 17th quarrel between King and Parliament. A new balance of powers in favour of Parliament -
First Act of Union that unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland, creating Great Britain