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Garantie of right and libertie -
House of Lancaster VS House of York for the English throne
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House of Tudor
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Reformation -> against delivery of indulgences
-> Sola Fide - Faith Alone
-> challenges Pope's authority
-> Sola Scriptura - scriptures over rituals -
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Establishment of the Church of England
King becomes head of the church
Break up with the catholic church and defy Pope's authority -
It is punishable by death to challenge idea of Supremacy.
Ex: Thomas More is executed because of the treason act in 1535. -
Rebellion against changes in religion and more
Conservative part of pop. lead by Robert Aske
demands in Pontefract Articles 1536:
- go back before Supremacy Act
- enclosure gone
- Parliament move in the north
some sucess in the beginning
-> defeated and Aske executed -
Gradual Acceptance
before Reformation -> Pagan / Christians - opposed to Reformation
problem of language -> English worships but welsh speaking country
Under Elyzabeth -> welsh traductions -
Monasteries: religious house to help poor people, sick people,...
dissolution of monasteries because of:
- corruption / represented cathilicism
- papal power
- money -> take their lands - sell them -
The Bible is now published in english to allow common people to read it. It was only in Latin before. -
Women are not allowed to read the Bible -
House of Tudor
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour -
Product of the Reformation
New Prayer Book -
=> attempt from the high people (the king) to reform the church
=> resistance from low people -
House of Tudor
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon -
Articles of Faith
Statement of the Church of England -
House of Tudor
Daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn -
Re-establishing the Reformation -
Elizabeth restaured the Reformation and the Book of Common Prayer with modifications.
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England allies itself with the Netherlands and France against Spain
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Mary is executed because of the plots against Elizabeth. -
Spain attempted an England invasion by the “Invincible Armada”. They are defeated (with the help of the weather). -
Essay of a political theory by James VI and I.
Monarch doesn't have to answer to anybody -
James VI of Scotland and I of England
Stuart
Son of Elizabeth I and Henry Stuart
King of Scotland: 1567-1625, King of England: 1603-25 -
Catholic opposition because of discrimination as a minority, they want to restaure a catholic crown.
They plot to blow up the Parliament.
It fails:
-> consequences = Catholics are tolerated but they have to swear allegiance to the king (-> majority accepted)
= virulent anti-catholicism through 17th c. and 18th c. -
New english transation of the Bible requested by James VI and I. -
Stuart
Son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark.
Tried to rule as an absolute monarch but less skillful so began a Civil War -
English Consistutional document.
Principles to give power to the Parliament and against absolute monarchy especially that the King can not raise taxes without their consent. -
Charles I wanted to instaure absolute monarchy. He tried ruling without Parliment.
Called the "Eleven Years of Tiranny". -
Charles I forced to sumon the Parliament.
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Charles I, William Laud, Thomas Wentworth (Lord Deputy) want to develop:
• Religious uniformity (Arminianism)
• Political obedience
Opposition from Old English elite, Irish Gaelic and New English Elite to unite against the crown.
-> violence against English Protestant. -
Civil Wars in the British Isles.
Charles I unpopular because of his vision of absolute monarchy. -
28 October - 8 November
Discussion over the political settlement after the victory of the Parliament over the King.
=> Inconclusive -
Charles I refuse the settlement conditions that the Army offered. He goes to trial and refuses to plead.
He was executed on January 30, 1649 -
England as a Republic after the Second English Civil War.
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Colonel Thomas Pride excludes the members of the Parliament who voted to settle. The New Model Army takes over. -
Scotland resistance against the Commonwealth. Lead to a military occupation of Scotland. Scots are Presbyterian so no massacre.
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The regicide and the Republic was very unpopular in Ireland
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6-7 February 1649 – abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords -
Cromwell dissolves the Parliament and becomes Lord Protector -
Cromwell is offered kingship but he refuses. The title of 'Lord Protector' becomes hereditary. -
Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector after his father's death and resigne in 1659
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Cromwell dies. Tensions between the Parliament and the NMA kept growing. Commonwealth very unstable. -
The Delaration of Breda was issued by Charles II to adress the conditions and the problems of taking the crown. In the text, Charles II grant pardon to the people that did crimes against the crown during the Civil War if they swear allegiance except for those who had done the regicide. He also wants to reinstate monarchy without bloodshed but believes kings are chosen by God. He also wants religious toleration. -
Stuart.
Exiled in France because of Cromwell being Lord Protector. Comes back when England reinstaure monarchy. He becomes king. -
The elected Parliament was not willing to declare religious toleration. They passed the Corporation Act that restricted right for those who were not part of the Anglican Church.
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September 2 to 6
Worst fire of London's history, it destroyed a great part of the city. The Catholics were blamed for it. -
Treaty signed in Dover. Agreement between Louis XIV and Charles II officially for England to show diplomatic support to France. However, in secret, it was also agreed that England should convert to Catholicism. -
Titus Oates revealed a fake Catholic plot to asassinate Charles II to place James on the throne. 35 people were at trial and executed for it. -
Charles II ruled without Parliament until he died.
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Stuart. Catholic.
Becomes king when Charles II dies. End of his reign in 1688 when William of Orange invades England. -
Also called the 'Bloodless Revolution'.
William issued a declaration to explain why he was invading. He wanted to protect the Protestant religion, the 'laws and liberties of England, Scotland and Ireland and he thought James Francis Edward Stuart was illegitimate to claim the throne.
William of Orange arrives in London, James II tries to gain time and flees to France. He takes the throne delcared vacant but has to invade Scotland and Ireland which resists until 1690. -
William Of Orange (the Netherlands ruler) is requested by letters by 7 nobles to invade England. He is married to Mary, daughter of the king and he is a Protestant.
He lands in Brixham with 20 000 soldiers. -
Declares:
- The illegality of the actions of James II
- The power of the crown and the Parliament
- A Protestant succession -
William III and Mary II co-sovereign of England.
Mary dies in 1694 and William in 1702 but his health declined from 1700.
No heir so throne goes to Mary's sister Anne. -
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Act that settles the succession line:
William III - Anne - Sophia of Hanover - her heirs
= Parliament decided the succesion and made provisions against Catholics claimants and foreign intervention. -
Put into effect the Treaty of Union
Becomes Kingdom of Great Britain.
Scottish Parliament disappears so 45 Scottish MPs go to the House of Congress and 16 in the House of Lords.
The Kirk and the Legal Systems remains unchallenged.
= The United Kingdom is born -
Hanover.
Son of Sophia. King of England until his death.