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Grammar-Translation Method
The second language is taught in students’ mother tongue, with vocabulary taught with a word list, which is isolated from the context. Students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language. This method ignores the active use of the target language. German scholar Karl Ploz was a major proponent of this approach. -
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Foreign Language Teaching Methods
These foreign language teaching methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Sometimes, we could combine different teaching methods in one class to make students learn the language most effectively. -
Cognitive Approach
This approach introduced the four principle language skills for the first time: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Oral communicative competence became the focus. Comprehensible auditory input became important and speaking in the target language began to occur. Learning about the language was overemphasized. One of its foremost pioneers is Jerome Bruner. -
Audio-Lingual Method
This method is based on the principles of behavior psychology. Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context. Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills. Little or no grammatical explanations are provided. There is abundant use of language laboratories, tapes and visual aids. Great importance is given to precise native-like pronunciation. Use of the mother tongue by the teacher is permitted, but discouraged among and by the students. Charles Fries who was the one who applie -
The Natural/Communicative Approach
Originally developed by Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen, this acquisition-focused approach sees communicative competence progressing through three stages: (a) aural comprehension, (b) early speech production, and (c) speech activities, all fostering "natural" language acquisition, much as a child would learn his/her native tongue. Following an initial "silent period", -
Total immersion technique
The learners’ second language (L2) is the medium of classroom instruction. Through this method, learners study school subjects, such as math, science, and social studies, in their L2. The main purpose of this method is to foster bilingualism, in other words, to develop learners'communicative competence or language proficiency in their L2 in addition to their first or native language (L1). -
The Direct Method
This approach was developed initially as a reaction to the grammar-translation approach in an attempt to integrate more use of the target language in instruction. Material is first presented orally with actions or pictures. The mother tongue is never used. There is no translation. Questions are answered in the target language. Grammar is taught inductively--rules are generalized from the practice and experience with the target language. Culture is considered an important aspect of learning the l -
The Silent Way
Dr.Caleb Gattegno, originally out of Alexandria, Egypt, introduced this classroom technique wherein the teacher remains silent while pupils output the language on cue through perpetual prompting. This is the production before meaning school of thought and practice. -
Total Physical Response/TPR
This approach, also known as TPR, was founded by James Asher. In this method, both language and body movement are synchronized through action responses and use of the imperative (direct commands). -
Community Language Learning/CLL
This approach was first elaborated by Charles Curran. It is designed to ease the learner into gradual independence and self-confidence in the target language. -
Suggestopedia
This approach is based on the pioneering efforts in 1967 of Bulgarian medical doctor, hypnotist, and psychology professor Georgi Lozanov and on his techniques into superlearning. Classes are small and intensive, with a low-stress focus. Material is presented in an especially melodic and artistic way. By activating the right "creative side" of the brain, a much larger portion of the intellectual potential can be tapped, thus drawing out long-term memory. This innovative approach to language pe
