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Construction from 1772-1775, although prison began receiving prisoners in 1773. Built by the Belgian architect Malfaison.
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Lunatic hospital inspired by penitentiary developments in Belgium. Note the relationship between hospitals and prisons, as well as the history of insanity in Ghent, Belgium.
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First cruciform plan to appear in Britain, also first known plan to allow central surveilance from one focal point. The attribute is later emulated in asylums.
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Architect William Blackburn influenced by Bentham's Panopticon design, although the true Panopticon is economically difficult to build.
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Theoretical design by Jeremy Bantham.
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Designed by William Tuke. One of, if not the, oldest purpose-built asylum in Britain. Built by Quakers to accomodate their philosophy, and direct response to abuse in Bethlem and other asylums of the time.
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Never built, architect is James Bevans.
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James Lewis' redesign of the hospital, built in St. George's Fields. Possible influence on linear hospital architecture?
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Architect unknown. Built to accomodate Quaker hospital philosophy.
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Architect unknown (research them), direct influence from Northleach prison. This plan is found mostly in Ireland, which interestingly influences the model prisons in both America, Britain, and Europe.
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Designed and built by Jonathan Daniels, becomes model for the Auburn system. Prison built in rectangular plan, with slightly enlarged cells to allows prisoners to work throughout sentence in solitary confinement.
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Built by William Strickland in accordance with Bentham's Panopticon style, although it cannot function as a Panopticon because of the interior walls. Razed in 1833 because of inmate abuse, only seven years after its official opening, by the inmates themselves.
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Canadian prison built by John Mills (architect of the Auburn prison - find these plans!). Prison uses the Auburn system.
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Architect John Haviland did not write down his design influence, although he returned from Europe before building the prison. Originally designed in 5 radial wards, although 7 were ultimately built to accomadate prisoners.
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Original design by architect John Haviland accomodates the PA system.
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Influential linear plan asylum in southern Germany. Commissioned by Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller, architect unknown. Unfortunately used for T-4 program, hence shut down after WWII.
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Joshua Jebb built this prison, based off of Haviland's Eastern State in Philadelphia. Jebb, however, opened the plan to allow only 4 radiating wings. This plan becomes the model prison in Britain and Europe. It is a combination of the PA and Auburn systems.
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Model radial plan in Germany. Architect Karl Busse designed the building off the PA system.
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Asylum designed by Émile Gilbert in 1838. Noted for its humanitarian view of people. The building housed prisoners during the Napoleonic era, including Marquis de Sade (1801-1814). Today known as the Esquirol Hospital after the famous superintendent Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol.
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Designed by John Notman as the first Kirkbride plan in the States, although Kirkbride himself never wroked there.
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Designed by Karl Busse after the Trenton model, with the PA system. Becomes the model prison in Germany after the Moabit Prison in Berlin.
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Designed by Thomas Kirkbride, drawn by Samuel Sloan. While this hospital per se was never built, the design is used in many American asylums of the time. Thus, these hospitals are designed in the Kirkbride Plan. Note that these hospitals existed before this plan was drawn - the book is merely published in 1854.
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Oldest linear plan hospital in Britain. Architect unknown.
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Originally built in 1841, with stacked wings added on 1856-1859. Superintendent of the building was Thomas Kirkbride, thus the hospital is now known as the Kirkbride Center. Original ward built by Isaac Holden, stacked wings by Samuel Sloan and Kirkbride.
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Architect unknown, designed after the PA system with six radial wings.
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Important prison design, because it is built in a linear "telephone pole" plan.
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Prison converts to Auburn system in 1861, and adds a third ward. Ultimately, the prison has 7 wards with a central 5-wing radial plan.
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First prison designed in linear plan in Britain. Sir Edmund DuCane designed the model off of hospital architecture in Europe and America.
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Designed and built by Clarence Johnston as lateral plan. First prison in States to use central spine to feed all wards, thus similar to linear (telephone) plan.
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Architect unknown, although built with direct influence from Stillwater MN.
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Designed by W. Carbys Zimmerman, and bulit with inmate labor. Aerial view from 1960, plans surprisingly hard to find. Integration of linear plan with five panopticon wards radiating from central ward. Only true panopticon plan used in the United States, to my knowledge.
