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the stock market crashed as a result of overspeculation, and dozens of railroads went into bankruptcy as a result of overbuilding
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the United Negro Improvement Association
(UNIA) was brought to Harlem from Jamaica by a charismatic immigrant, Marcus Garvey -
The business boom-led by a rise in manufacturing output between 1919 and 1929
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inspired by the architecture of American cities to explore loneliness and isolation of urban life
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The traditional separation of labor between men and
women continued into the 1920s, and most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers. -
The leading Harlem poets included Countee Cullen,
Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Claude McKay. Commenting on the African American heritage, their poems expressed a range of emotions, from bitterness and resentment to joy and hope -
Garvey established an organization for black separatism, economic
self-sufficiency, and a back-to-Africa movement." -
He approved a reduction in the income tax, an increase in tariff rates under the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922, and establishment of the Bureau of the Budget, with procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on.
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the goal of the Republican party, benefitted business and the nation's economy
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gangsters fought for control of lucrative bootlegging trade.
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Brought north by African American musicians, jazz became a symbol of the "new" and "modem" culture of the cities.
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As a result of women's suffrage, state lawmakers were now forced
to listen to feminists, who demanded changes in the divorce laws to permit women to escape abusive and incompatible husbands, leading to increased rate of divorce. -
Harding appointed Charles Evans Hughes to be secretary of state; Herbert Hoover to be secretary of commerce; and the Pittsburgh
industrialist and millionaire Andrew Mellon to be secretary of the treasury, and when the Chief Justice's seat on the Supreme Court became vacant, Harding filled it by appointing former President William Howard Taft -
blended jazz and classical music
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large numbers of Protestants defined their faith in new ways, and Modernists took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religious faith
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Advertising expanded as businesses found that consumers' demand for new products could be manipulated by appealing to their desires for status and popularity, and stores increased sales of the new appliances and automobiles by allowing customers to buy on credit
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companies began to practice welfare capitalism-voluntarily offering their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions
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more state governments enact compulsory school laws as education becomes believed to go alongside with economic success
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Farmers' "best years had been 1916-1918, when crop prices had been kept artificially high by (1) wartime demand in Europe and (2) the U.S. government's wartime policy of guaranteeing a minimum price for wheat and corn; when the war ended, so did farm prosperity
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Commenting on the African American heritage, their poems expressed a range of emotions, from bitterness and resentment to joy and hope
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African American jazz musicians such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were so popular among people of all races that the 1920s is often called the Jazz Age
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Harlem became famous in the 1920s for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers
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The largest African American community developed in the Harlem section of New York City
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Protestant preachers in rural areas condemned the modernists
and taught that every word in the Bible must be accepted as literally true, and a key point in fundamentalist doctrine was that creationism explained the origin of all life. Fundamentalists blamed the liberal views of modernists for causing a decline in morals. -
The first quota act of 1921 limited immigration to 3 percent of number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census
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They rallied to the support two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who had been convicted in a Massachusetts court of committing robbery and murder, and Liberals protested that the two men were innocent
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The Dawes Plan established a cycle of payments flowing from
the US to Germany and from Germany to the Allies -
Coolidge was the overwhelming choice of the Republican party as their presidential nominee in 1924, and The Democrats nominated John W. Davis, and tried to make an issue of the Teapot Dome scandal
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American author, most widely known for his novel, The Great Gatsby, published in 1925.
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Coolidge declined to run for the presidency a second time, and the Republicans turned to Herbert Hoover
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The enormous increase in automobile sales meant that,
by the end of the decade, there was an average of nearly one car per American family -
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff passed by the Republican Congress set tax increases ranging from 31 percent to 49 percent on foreign imports
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a severe drought in the early 1930s ruined crops in the Great Plains and this region became a dust bowl, as poor farming practices coupled with high winds blew away millions of tons of dried topsoil
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Hoover therefore proposed a moratorium (suspension) on the
payment of international debts -
In 1933, 21st Amendment repealing the Eighteenth was ratified, and millions celebrated the new year by toasting the end of Prohibition
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offered outright grants of federal money to states and local governments that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless
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directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works
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NRA was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor;"NRA could help each industry (such as steel, oil, and paper) set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods
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As a government corporation, it hired thousands of people in one of the nation's poorest regions, the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer
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employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums
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The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) encouraged farmers to reduce production (and thereby boost prices) by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under.
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gave both the construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones
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This agency hired laborers for temporary construction projects sponsored by the federal government
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created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street crash in 1929
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WPA spent billions of dollars between 1935 and 1940 to provide people with jobs
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Placed under the direction of one of the Brain Trust, Rexford Tugwell, the Resettlement Administration provided loans to sharecroppers, tenants, and small farmers and established federal
camps where migrant workers could find decent housing -
The Wagner Act guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively and outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor
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In response to one of the worst ecological disasters in American history, government created Soil Conservation Service in 1935 to teach and subsidize plains farmers to rotate crops, terrace fields, use contour plowing, and plant trees to stop soil erosion and conserve water
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This new agency provided loans for electrical cooperatives to supply power in rural areas
