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Period: 1 CE to 1491
Before 1492
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100
Arrival of the First People
-Bering Land Bridge
-Boats -
1400
The Spread of Maize
-Mesoamerican Aztec maize
-Three Sisters method
-SW: Ancestral Pueblos
-SE: Mississippian mound builders
-NE: Haundenosaunee/Iroquois (3SM) -
1400
Environmental Influence
-Great Basin + Great Plains (Arid): Nomadic, ag.
-Northeast + River Valleys + Atlantic Seaboard (Forests, fertile soil): Hunter-gatherers, mixed ag., permanent villages
-Pacific West (Forests, ocean): Hunting, gathering, fishing, ag. -
Period: 1490 to
Exploration & Trade
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1491
God, Gold, Glory
-God (religion): Muslim Ottoman Turks, Protestant Reformation
-Gold (economy): Pop. growth, trade routes, demand for goods
-Glory (politics): Europe unified into nation-states -
1491
Portugal & Spain
-Portugal: Trading post in Africa, Indian Ocean trade, slavery system
-Spain: Unification, trading post in Africa + India + Asia, spread of catholic christianity
-Technology: Caravel, sailing compass, improved shipbuilding/mapmaking, printing press -
1492
The Columbian Exchange
-Transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, diseases to/from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas
-To America: Cattle, sheep, swine, horses, wheat, rice, barley, oats, honeybee, citrus fruits, grape, turnip, onion, sugar cane, banana, olive, peach, pear, coffee bean, smallpox, flu, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, cough, etc
-From America: Tobacco, turkey, pumpkin, pineapple, avocado, pepper, peanut, potato, tomato, corn, bean, vanilla, squash, cacao bean, sweet potato, cassava -
1500
Labor/Slavery/Caste Systems
-Encomienda: grand to demand forced labor from natives in defined territory
-Asiento: after natives escaped/died, enslaved Africans
-Caste: based on ancestry -
1550
Valladolid Debate: Las Casas v. Juan Ginés
-Bartolomé de Las Casas: spanish priest, native enslavement unjust, wanted to outlaw slavery/forced labor of natives
-Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: spanish priest, native enslavement just, convinced king to repeal laws outlawing slavery -
Period: to
Colonization & Imperialism
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English In North America
-Causes: population boom, enclosure movement, scarce land/jobs, religious persecution, joint-stock companies, lack of democracy, natural resources
-Jamestown, Virginia (1607): poor location, poor relations with natives, good tobacco, slavery indentured servitude, headright system, representative government
-John Smith did NOT know Pocahontas -
French In North America
-Goal: find water route
-Quebec = New France (1608)
-Trading settlements (fur, fish, tools, cloth), Jesuit missionaries
-Better relationship with Indigenous peoples -
Puritans v. Separatists (Pilgrims)
-Puritans: purify Church of England from Catholic influence, Puritan Great Migration to Massachusetts Bay Colony (John Winthrop), moral religious society, NO religious toleration, membership = voting
-Pilgrims: separate from Church of England, Plymouth Colony (1620) aka New England, Mayflower Compact = government
-Indigenous people not happy, epidemic of European disease kills 3/4th of population (1616-1618) -
Dutch In North America
-Henry Hudson: Hudson River = New Netherland
-New Amsterdam (1626) for trade, no interest in Natives
-Diverse/religious freedom, but involvement in slavery -
New England Colonies
-Geography: Cold winters, rocky soil, Atlantic Ocean, coastline + fish + forests, few rivers, deep harbors
-Economy: Shipbuilding, lumber, fishing, small farms, triangular trade commerce, large towns, skilled craftspeople
-Society: Religious homogeneity, less disease, cold climate, meetinghouse, generational families -
Southern Colonies & West Indies
-Geography: Rich soil, warm/mild climate, tidewater regions, backcountry regions, forests, large rivers
-Economy: Plantation ag., cash crops, corn tobacco, market shipped by boat
-Society: Warm climate = disease, mostly men, labor intensive, slavery = culture autonomy, Church of England -
Middle Colonies
-Geography: Mild climate, good ports deep harbors, rivers, good soil, fresh water, few trees, open land
-Economy: Farming (wheat, corn), dairy ranching, shipbuilding, lumber, fishing, plantation ag., industry in pop. centers
-Society: Less slaves (save for New York), different nationalities = diverse culture, Pennsylvania (William Penn) the Quakers -
Salem Witch Trials
WITCHES RAHHHHH -
Slavery in America
-Enslaved Native Americans, indentured servants, Enslaved Africans (1619)
-Fear of rebellion - Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): poor whites conflict with Natives, arrests, led army of free/enslaved Africans + poor whites to burn Jamestown
-Black White separation by law, also Natives separated
-Slave codes: laws regulating slavery
-Resistance: maintaining culture + language + religion + family life, sabotage/work slow downs, escape, rebellion (Stono Rebellion, 1739) -
Colonial Society
-The Enlightenment: science reason, philosophy, natural rights, social contract, printing press, more science less religion
-The First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s): “New Light” ministers, save by emotional conversion, more traveling preaches, more democratic ideas, “Old Lights” saw as a threat -
Transatlantic Trade
-From America: Whale oil, furs, rum, rice, silk, indigo, tobacco, sugar, molasses, wood, fish, enslaved people, sugar
-From Africa: Enslaved people, gold, ivory, spices, hardwood
-From Europe: Manufactured goods, luxuries, guns, cloth, iron, beer
-Impact on Natives: encroachment, massacres, war, shift of power, Anglo-Powhatan wars (1609-1646), Pequot “war” (1637), Metacom’s war (1675-1676) -
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American Revolution
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George Washington
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John Adams
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Thomas Jefferson
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James Madison
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James Monroe
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John Quincy Adams
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Andrew Jackson
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Martin Van Buren
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Harrison William Henry
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John Tyler
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James Polk
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Zachary Taylor
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Millard Fillmore
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Franklin Pierce
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James Buchanan
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Abraham Lincoln
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Andrew Johnson
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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James Garfield
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Chester Arthur
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Grover Cleveland
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Benjamin Harrison
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Grover Cleveland Pt. 2: Electric Boogaloo
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William McKinley
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Theodore Roosevelt
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William H. Taft
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Woodrow Wilson
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Warren Harding
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Calvin Coolidge
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Herbert Hoover
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Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
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Harry Truman
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Dwight Eisenhower
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John F. Kennedy (JFK)
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Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)
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Richard Nixon
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Gerald Ford
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Jimmy Carter
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Ronald Reagan
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George H.W. Bush
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William J. Clinton
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George W. Bush
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Barack Obama