-
-
-Bering Land Bridge
-Boats -
-Mesoamerican Aztec maize
-Three Sisters method
-SW: Ancestral Pueblos
-SE: Mississippian mound builders
-NE: Haundenosaunee/Iroquois (3SM) -
-Great Basin + Great Plains (Arid): Nomadic, ag.
-Northeast + River Valleys + Atlantic Seaboard (Forests, fertile soil): Hunter-gatherers, mixed ag., permanent villages
-Pacific West (Forests, ocean): Hunting, gathering, fishing, ag. -
-
-God (religion): Muslim Ottoman Turks, Protestant Reformation
-Gold (economy): Pop. growth, trade routes, demand for goods
-Glory (politics): Europe unified into nation-states -
-Portugal: Trading post in Africa, Indian Ocean trade, slavery system
-Spain: Unification, trading post in Africa + India + Asia, spread of catholic christianity
-Technology: Caravel, sailing compass, improved shipbuilding/mapmaking, printing press -
-Transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, diseases to/from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas
-To America: Cattle, sheep, swine, horses, wheat, rice, barley, oats, honeybee, citrus fruits, grape, turnip, onion, sugar cane, banana, olive, peach, pear, coffee bean, smallpox, flu, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, cough, etc
-From America: Tobacco, turkey, pumpkin, pineapple, avocado, pepper, peanut, potato, tomato, corn, bean, vanilla, squash, cacao bean, sweet potato, cassava -
-Encomienda: grand to demand forced labor from natives in defined territory
-Asiento: after natives escaped/died, enslaved Africans
-Caste: based on ancestry -
-Bartolomé de Las Casas: spanish priest, native enslavement unjust, wanted to outlaw slavery/forced labor of natives
-Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: spanish priest, native enslavement just, convinced king to repeal laws outlawing slavery -
-
-Causes: population boom, enclosure movement, scarce land/jobs, religious persecution, joint-stock companies, lack of democracy, natural resources
-Jamestown, Virginia (1607): poor location, poor relations with natives, good tobacco, slavery indentured servitude, headright system, representative government
-John Smith did NOT know Pocahontas -
-Goal: find water route
-Quebec = New France (1608)
-Trading settlements (fur, fish, tools, cloth), Jesuit missionaries
-Better relationship with Indigenous peoples -
-Puritans: purify Church of England from Catholic influence, Puritan Great Migration to Massachusetts Bay Colony (John Winthrop), moral religious society, NO religious toleration, membership = voting
-Pilgrims: separate from Church of England, Plymouth Colony (1620) aka New England, Mayflower Compact = government
-Indigenous people not happy, epidemic of European disease kills 3/4th of population (1616-1618) -
-Henry Hudson: Hudson River = New Netherland
-New Amsterdam (1626) for trade, no interest in Natives
-Diverse/religious freedom, but involvement in slavery -
-Geography: Cold winters, rocky soil, Atlantic Ocean, coastline + fish + forests, few rivers, deep harbors
-Economy: Shipbuilding, lumber, fishing, small farms, triangular trade commerce, large towns, skilled craftspeople
-Society: Religious homogeneity, less disease, cold climate, meetinghouse, generational families -
-Geography: Rich soil, warm/mild climate, tidewater regions, backcountry regions, forests, large rivers
-Economy: Plantation ag., cash crops, corn tobacco, market shipped by boat
-Society: Warm climate = disease, mostly men, labor intensive, slavery = culture autonomy, Church of England -
-Geography: Mild climate, good ports deep harbors, rivers, good soil, fresh water, few trees, open land
-Economy: Farming (wheat, corn), dairy ranching, shipbuilding, lumber, fishing, plantation ag., industry in pop. centers
-Society: Less slaves (save for New York), different nationalities = diverse culture, Pennsylvania (William Penn) the Quakers -
-From America: Whale oil, furs, rum, rice, silk, indigo, tobacco, sugar, molasses, wood, fish, enslaved people, sugar
-From Africa: Enslaved people, gold, ivory, spices, hardwood
-From Europe: Manufactured goods, luxuries, guns, cloth, iron, beer
-Impact on Natives: encroachment, massacres, war, shift of power, Anglo-Powhatan wars (1609-1646), Pequot “war” (1637), Metacom’s war (1675-1676) -
WITCHES RAHHHHH
-
-Enslaved Native Americans, indentured servants, Enslaved Africans (1619)
-Fear of rebellion - Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): poor whites conflict with Natives, arrests, led army of free/enslaved Africans + poor whites to burn Jamestown
-Black White separation by law, also Natives separated
-Slave codes: laws regulating slavery
-Resistance: maintaining culture + language + religion + family life, sabotage/work slow downs, escape, rebellion (Stono Rebellion, 1739) -
-The Enlightenment: science reason, philosophy, natural rights, social contract, printing press, more science less religion
-The First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s): “New Light” ministers, save by emotional conversion, more traveling preaches, more democratic ideas, “Old Lights” saw as a threat -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-