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Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was shot at Sarvejo, Bosnia. His death sparked WWI. -
Partition of India
Allowed India to divide the subcontinent along sectarian lines which took place after its independence from Britain. The northern Muslin section became Pakistan and the southern Hindu section became India. -
Japan makes 21 Demands on China
Designed to give Japan dominance over China. The demands required China to immediately cease its leasing of territory to foreigners. -
Gallipoli Campaign
British’s attempt to take over Dardanelles (led by Winston Churchill) in order to aid Russia against the Turks and Germany. The campaign failed when the Turks predicted this by placing mines that destroyed many ships. The British couldn’t counter-attack from land due to Turk’s heavy fire power. Many people from New Zealand and Australia had been killed. -
German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany wanted to stop the supply of the Allies from the U.S. and to demoralize the British. This pushed the U.S. into WWI. -
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Civil war in Russia
War between the Bolshevik (Red Army) and the anti-Bolshevik (White Army) after the retirement of Tsar Nicholar II of Russia. -
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Bolshevik Revolution
Peasant revolts against Tsar Nicholas II and aristocratic landowners due to unfair treatments, poor working conditions, and food shortages. Provisional government was overthrown bby the Bolsheviks which led to the creation of the Communist Party and Soviet Union of Lenin -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Allowed Russia to withdraw from WWI costing them a lot from lost of territory and industrial resources. Allowed Germany to move more troops to the Western Front. -
Paris Peace Conference
A meeting of 30 nations to discuss peace after WWII and develop treaties to reshape Europe with new borders and territories. -
First meeting of League of Nations
Established by several world leaders after WWI to prevent the Second WW but failed. This was an earlier version of the UN to improve working and living standards and took action against slavery. -
Lenin's Economic Policy
A series of policy changes made to bring capital into the state. Lenin thought that this was needed because Russia’s economy was suffering from War Communism at that time. This helped Russia but not for long after Stalin came to power. -
Ataturk Proclaims Republic of Turkey
A series of changes to the Republic of Turkey to make it a secular nation-state, Turkish society became more modernized by these reforms. -
First Soviet Five-Year Plan
Goal: Modernize the Soviet industry.
Established by Joseph Stalin
1st: Developing heavy industry/agriculture
2nd: Continued the objective of the 1st; caused famine.
3rd: Production of armaments.
4th: Heavy industry/military build-up. -
US stock market crash
U.S. economy fell which led to the loss of jobs, poverty, and the Great Depression -
Civil disobedience movement in India
Non- violent protest movement in India led by Ghandi to gain independence from Britain instead of going into war. -
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Japan’s attempt to gain control over the whole province in order to surround all of East Asia. This was one of the causes of WWII and change of Japan’s foreign policy. -
Hitler is ruler in Germany
Purpose: He believed that Germany was the greatest nation in the world. Hitler’s hunger for power had caused WWII, holocaust, and fascism in Germany -
Sandino is murdered in Nicaragua
He was a revolutionary leader against U.S. military presence in Nicaragua who was murdered by General Anastasio Somoza Garcia -
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Long March by Chinese Communinsts
The Long March was when Chinese communists had to escape from attacks ordered by Emperor Chiang Kai-Shek. This march strengthened the Chinese Communist Party and preserve communist forces so that they can return and attack back. -
Mussolini launches fascist movement
National Fascist Party under Mussolini ruled Italy. Increased popularity of communism -
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Stalin's Great Purge in USSR
Stalin became paranoid in order to keep himself in power. Lands were taken away and millions of people were killed by secret police & other organization. -
Invasion of China by Japan
Causes: overpopulation, lack of natural resources, nationalism. Started off as an explosion on a railway near Mukden where the Japanese blamed the Chinese. Japan invaded Manchuria ignoring the League of Nations. This shows that the League of Nations was powerless against aggression. -
German Auschluss with Austria
Merging of Austria with Germany under Hitler’s rule. This strengthened Europe and breached the Treaty of Versailles -
Cardenas nationalizes oil industry in Mexico
President Lazaro Cardena's declaration that all mineral and oil reserves in Mexico belonged to the nation. -
Invasion of Poland by Germany
Began immediately after WWII was announced. Germany wanted land to occupy. Poland was able to survive the assault and remains as its own governing country today -
German invasion of USSR
Largest invasion in history. Hitler led an army of 3.9 million and invaded the USSR. He wanted to control all of Europe, but failed. The war killed 95% of his troops. -
Soviet victory at Stalingrad
Turning point of the war. Convinved the Western Allies to open up a Western Front against the Germans. -
D-Day, Allied invasion at Normandy
Largest invasion in history that took place in Normandy, France to drive the occupying German army off. The battle stopped Germany from controlling west Europe and increased the spirits of people against Communism. -
Capture of Berlin by Soviet forces
Soviet Army's attackk on the capital of Germany (Berlin). Spread Communism because of Berlin's good propaganda value. -
Division of Berlin and Germany
The Allies divided Germany and Berlin into 4 zones. Each one is controlled by a different nation. This division helped democracy prosper in Germany and boost Russia’s economy. -
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagaski
ended the Pacific War in WWI by dropping two atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan; first use of nuclear weapons in history. Many countries began to make nuclear weapons which could lead to nuclear warfare. -
Establishment of United Nations
An organization made up of most countries in the world. Their goal is to achieve world peace and justice. To this day, the United Nations still fulfills its duty of maintaining peace and order in the world. -
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Arab Israeli War
War between Israel and a series of Arab states/Palestinian Arab forces; resulted in the Armistice Agreements which created lines to separate the Israeli forces and the forces in the Jordanian-held West Bank. -
Apartheid in South Africa
System of racial segregation in South Africa. -
Establishment of NATO
A military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty. The organization responds to any events caused by attacks or major disputes. It consists of 28 nations. -
Establishment of People's Republic of China
Established by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party after defeating Chang Kaishek and his national forces. It united the nation under a communist government and paved way for China to become the modern world power today. -
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Korean War
Conflict between North Korean Communists and South Korean Replicans (U.S.). Increased tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union and U.S. willingness to go to war to stop the spread of communism. -
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Algerian war of liberation
War between France and Algeria; Led to Algeria's independence from France. -
Establishment of Warsaw Pact
This was a military alliance among Easter Europe communist countries established during the Cold War by the Soviet in an attempt to fight back against the U.S. NATO. -
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US troops in Vietnam
U.S. wanted to prevent the spread of communism by providing aid for south vietnam against the communist north vietnam. This was U.S.'s first failure. -
Uprising in Hungary
Hungarians refused the suppression of their religion, poor quality food and loss of freedom. The working class took on, defeated the police and install a new communist dictator. -
Suez Crisis
Pres. Nasser of Egypt claimed ownership of the Suez Canal, causing an international crisis by denying access to shipping from other nations. This has almost brought Egypt to the verge of war with the UK. -
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Great leap forward in China
An economic plan to increase crop production by mobilizing peasant masses. This was a failure and resulted in famine and industrial decline. -
Creation of Israel
The UN General Assembly votes 33 to 12 to the partition plan, which created Israel. British surrendered their mandate over Palestine in 1948. The creation of Israel led to constant wars between the Jews and Arabs. -
Castro comes to power in Cuba
While in power, Castro ended U.S. economic dominance on the island. He changed Cuba into a communist country and became the main storage of Soviet Union's nuclear weapons. -
French defeat at Dien Bien Phu
War between French Union forces of the French Far east Expeditionary Corps and Vietnamese Viet Minh communist revolutionary forces which led to the French’s withdrawal from Indo China. -
Sino-Soviet rift
A gradual worsening of relations between the PRC & USSR during the Cold War which led to a parallel split in the international communist movement and Chinese communism. -
Construction of Berlin Wall
The wall was built in order to separate the East German communist party and West German Republic party. it helped prevent communism from spreading to the west side and also prevented a war between both sides. -
Creation of PLO
A movement under Palestinianrabs to try making Palestine an independent state. This lead to constant guerilla wars against Israel. -
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Revolution in Iran
Events involving the overthrow of Iran’s monarchy and replacing it with an Islamic Republic under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomenin. -
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Iran-Iraq War
Caused by border disputes and Shia Islam rebellions on Iraq’s long suppressed Shia majority. Iraq wanted to be the dominant Persian Gulf State. -
Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
Cause: Could not conquer and hold the country. Their victory led to the West losing interest in Afghanistan and the country fell into a warring states where different warlords fought for control of the country. -
Persian Gulf War
Conflict among 34 nations led by the U.S. against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait for oil. This war made U.S. become more involved in the Middle East to protect world oil. -
Reunification of Germany
Represented the end of communism. Nationalism played a major role. -
Collapse of USSR
Collapsed after a failed coup that attempted to bring down Gorbachev. The defeat of the USSR made U.S. the most powerful country in the world. -
Transfer of Hong Kong to China
The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China. -
Uprising in Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan
Hungarians refused the suppression of their religion, poor quality food and loss of freedom. The working class took on, defeated the police and install a new communist dictator. -
Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagaski
