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The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire.
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Establishes a balance of power in Renaissance Italy
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Series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, and the House of York.
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Spain and Portugal divide the world between them for colonization
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- Big reason why Italian unification doesn't happen until the 19th century
- First in a series of conflicts w/ the French on one side, and the Habsburgs on the other side until Maria Theresa
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A military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles and the League of Cognac (1526–1529)—the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.
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Holy Roman Emperor recognizes Lutheranism. Principle of “cuius region, relgio” (whoever’s region (ie, the ruler) his religion)
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Union of Arras and Union of Utrecht – Netherlands splits between Catholic south (later becomes Belgium) and Protestant north (later becomes Netherlands)
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Henry IV recognizes Calvinism in France
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Ends Thirty Years’ War
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An edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
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Newton's universal law of gravitation
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The overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange.
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An edict issued by Charles VI to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions could be inherited by a daughter.
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Ends war of Spanish Succession. Ambitions of Louis XIV curbed once and for all. England takes big step to becoming a world power. Austria becomes dominant power in Italy. Prussia takes first step to becoming a world power.
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4 April 1721 – 11 February 1742
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Holy Roman Empress and German Queen
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Ends War of Austrian Succession. Prussia keeps Silesia
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Ends Seven Years’ War. England greatly enriched in overseas colonies.
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Third Estate breaks away from Estates General and forms National Assembly with the goal of writing a constitution for France
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Austria and Prussia resolve to restore traditional monarchy in France (not much comes of it)
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•Constitutional monarchy
•Equality of all citizens under the law – only active citizens can vote
- Active citizens= men over 25 paying taxes equal to at least three days’ wage
- Electors= men over 25 who pay taxes equal to at least ten days’ wage
- Electors vote for deputies who serve in the Legislative Assembly.
- Deputy= a man at least 25 years old and pay taxes equal to at least 25 days’ wage
•Louis XVI trying to flee France gives the Jacobins the excuse needed to demand a republic -
Formed to write a constitution for a French Republic (this is the time when the Reign of Terror happens)
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How it works:
o Bicameral (two-house) assembly with a 5-man executive committee on top
o Citizens (all male, over 25) vote for electors
o Electors must own property worth 100 days’ wages for an unskilled laborer. That is about 30,000 men.
o Those electors vote for a Council of 500. The Council of 500 in turn selects a Council of Elders (numbering 250). The Council of Elders then selects 5 men for the Directorate. -
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Official end to French Revolutionary Wars – short truce in larger Napoleonic Wars
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Napoleon creates the First Empire (approved by a plebiscite)
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Victorious allies attempt to restore Europe to its pre-Napoleonic status as much as they can
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Napoleon is defeated and exiled. A new constitutional monarchy is put into place, with the Bourbons returned to power.
• There is a two-house legislature
o Lower house elected by voters. Vote is limited to 100,000 wealthiest male citizens
o Upper house is appointed by the king -
The political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.
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July Ordinances of Charles X seek to limit the authority of liberal elected officials – this sparks a revolution
• New constitutional monarchy installed with Louis-Philippe as king
• Vote is expanded, but still only 200,000 men can vote -
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Designed to reduce the cost of looking after the poor as it stopped money going to poor people except in exceptional circumstances. Now if people wanted help they had to go into a workhouse to get it.
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A United Kingdom Act of Parliament which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (13-18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day.
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September 1845 – 1852
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• Revolution overthrows Louis-Philippe and installs Second Republic
• Universal male suffrage put in place to elect a legislative assembly and president -
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• Louis Napoleon stages a coup and later becomes Napoleon III
• His rule is ratified by a plebiscite -
Ends Crimean War
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Published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.
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Was the first and most important of liberal reforms passed during the reign (1855-1881) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The reform effectively abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire.
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A piece of British legislation that enfranchised part of the urban male working class in England and Wales for the first time.
Before=one million of the seven million adult males could vote; Act immediately doubled that number. End of 1868, all male heads of household were enfranchised as a result of the end of compounding of rents. Introduced only a negligible redistribution of seats. Overall intent = help the Conservative Party, yet it resulted in their loss of the 1868 general election. -
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (German: Ausgleich, Hungarian: Kiegyezés), or Composition of 1867, established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise partially re-established the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to, the Austrian Empire.
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• France defeated in Franco-Prussian War, ending Second Empire
• How it works
o Bicameral legislature
o Universal male suffrage to elect lower house (Chamber of Deputies)
o Indirect elections (voters choose electors) for upper house (Senate) -
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Russia makes a very advantageous peace with defeated Ottomans. Bismarck calls the Congress of Berlin to redo the treaty to reduce Russia’s power.
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Bismarck seeks to reassure Russia that Germany will ensure Russian interests are not ignored in disputes with Austria over the Balkans.
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After William II of Germany lets Reassurance Treaty lapse, Russia and France become allies.
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A scandal that rocked France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Dreyfus affair involved a Jewish artillery captain in the French army, Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), who was falsely convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans.
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A term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers.
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Feb 8, 1904 – Sep 5, 1905
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Great Britain tacitly agrees to support France and Russia if conflict arises in which Germany is the aggressor.
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Oct 8, 1912 – May 30, 1913
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Sep 5, 1914 – Sep 12, 1914
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Feb 21, 1916 – Dec 18, 1916
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Mar 8, 1917 – Nov 7, 1917
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Ends Russian involvement in WWI.
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Ends World War I. Germany must accept war guilt clause and massive reparations
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France and Germany agree to finalize the border between Belgium, France, and Germany.
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Great Powers agree to foreswear the use of war as a tool in conflict resolution
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October 29, 1929 – 1939
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Formed between Mussolini’s Fascist Italy and Hitler’s Nazi Germany
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• France defeated by Nazi Germany, ending Third Republic
• Northern France directly occupied by Nazis
• Southern France becomes an authoritarian puppet state under rule of Marshal Petain -
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First meeting of USA, Britain, and Soviet Union to discuss post-war settlement
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USA/Britain/USSR agree to establish UN after the war, Soviets agree to help in war against Japan
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• Universal Suffrage (male and female)
• Strong Parliamentary government with a relatively weak executive (President) -
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USA/Britain/USSR – less cooperative – first signs fo what will grow into the Cold War
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Soviet Union and eastern powers form Warsaw Pact (Yugoslavia is only communist country in Europe to not join Warsaw Pact)
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• Government unable to deal with Algerian Crisis
• Charles de Gaulle offers to come out of retirement, but does not wish to take part in weak Fourth Republic government. He and his supporters suggest a new constitution with a stronger executive (a President with a 7-year term of office).
• The people agree, and France has been run under this constitution every since -
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4 May 1979 – 28 November 1990
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Members of European Union agree on closer ties, including a common currency (the Euro)
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Ends conflict in Bosnia
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May 7, 2000
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