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This law "required every town of fifty or more families to appoint a reading and writing teacher. In effect, this meant the town would need to establish and support a school" (Gutek, 2013, p. 10).
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Benjamin Franklin "developed a plan for a school in which English would be he principle language of instruction" (Gutek, 2013, p. 44).
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Emma Willard “established the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York” (Gutek, 2013, p. 171).
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“Three hundred of the five hundred teachers present in the Rochester convention hall were women. When the conversations shifted to why teachers were not accorded more respect by the public, Anthony could no longer sit silently” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 36). Anthony stood and began defending women and the low amount of respect they received s teachers.
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“Lockwood introduced H.R. 1571, a bill to do justice to the female employees of the Government. H.R. 1571 was the United States’ first equal-pay law for women” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 46).
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“Michael Haley believed in the promise of utopian socialism and equality before the law. So when the phrenologist that night launched into a reactionary attack on the women’s suffrage leader Susan B. Anthony, Haley did something that shocked and embarrassed his daughters. He marched them out of the theater, in full sight of the lecturer and audience” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 66).
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“Justice Henry Brown, delivering the majority decision, established the precedent of “separate but equal” in 1896. In the Plessy decision, the court ruled that racially segregated facilities did not discriminate against African Americans. As long as they were equal, the states could legally require separate facilities for blacks and whites” (Gutek, 2013, p. 311).
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This is the “precursor to today’s American Federation of Teachers. It included teachers, administrators, and even college professors and presidents” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 69).
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“The purpose of the federation was to aggressively advocate for higher teacher pay and for teacher’s freedom on lesson planning and school discipline. The Federation held its first meeting on March 16, 1897, and by June had attracted over 2,500 members, about half of the elementary school teaching force” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 69).
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"An early effort to establish a junior college took place in Joliet, Illinois, in 1901, when the Joliet Junior College was founded. The college's founding administrator, Superintendent J. Stanley Brown, designed an institution that was both an upward extension of the high school and a downward extension of the four-year college" (Gutek, 2013, p. 183).
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“On October 1, 1901, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that Chicago public utility companies must pay back taxes, later assessed at $2.3 million. A federal court reduced the payments to a total of $600,000 annually, of which nearly a quarter-million dollars would be paid to the Chicago Board of Education. Teachers earned back pay” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 73).
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“Tenure is by far the most controversial aspect of contemporary teacher unionism, but the period before the World War I, there was relative consensus among union leaders, school reformers, and intellectuals in favor of tenure” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 85).
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“Margaret Haley succeeded where Anthony had failed. She won higher pay and significant political power for female teachers, in large part because of her canny ability to forge alliances with male unions, just as organized labor exploded in power at the turn of the twentieth century. Haley even played a crucial role in winning Illinois women the right to vote” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 67).
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“The majority of its 1.5 million members are classroom teachers. The federation’s goals are closely identified with improving the salaries, working conditions, and the status of teachers” (Gutek, 2013, p. 384).
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The American Federation of Teachers “lobbied the state legislature to increase teacher’s wages” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 99).
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“A unanimous Supreme Court declared in its Brown v. Board of Education decision that de jure school segregation was unconstitutional” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 110).
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“The launch of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik satellite in 1957 prompt congress to pass the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), which provided several hundred million dollars to prepare high-achieving students for careers in the sciences, math, engineering, and foreign languages” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 113).
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“When Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Department of Justice could finally sue schools that resisted or delayed integration” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 113).
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Terrel Bell issued a report in 1983 that was titled A Nation at Risk. “The report drastically stated: Our nation is at risk. Our once unchallenged preeminence in commerce, industry, science, and the technological innovation is being overtaken by competitors throughout the world. The educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a nation and a people” (Gutek, 2013, p. 386).
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“No Child Left Behind (NCLB) put into federal law some of the earlier proposals for setting higher academic standards, emphasizing basic skills, and school and teacher accountability” (Goldstein, 2014, p. 386-387).
