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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
Civil Rights- Equal rights to all and to have protection for all
- The NAACP was involved in this and they were the ones helping blacks get the rights they deserved
- The Fourteenth Amendment states that no one should be denied protection of the law and discrimination does not matter -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
Color Line - A barrier that separates whites and nonwhites and Jackie Robinson broke the Color Line in Sports
- Jackie Robinson was the first black major league baseball player
- Jackie Robinson was not welcome and was taunted and hurt by players and fans of baseball -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation - Many armed forces were segregated and this was when they started to desegregate
- African American soldiers were beaten even when in the military so President Truman wanted to change that
- Many African Americans did not want to be part of a segregated army so they did not go out until it was changed -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam, Malcom X - a religious group, can be known as Black Muslims, that promoted complete separation from white society, Malcom X thrown in prison and talked about being put in cages
- A doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society and Violence is ok
- Muslims assassinated Malcom X because his change in heart -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
Thurgood Marshall - Thurgood Marshall is the lead attorney for NAACP and argued about segregation
- 16 black children were involved and even them thought that their race was dirty
- The segregation of schools and other public places were dismantled -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott & Rosa Parks - Rosa Parks a person who stood up for her rights to get to sit in a bus and denied getting up and was arrest and then started a Boycott on buses
- All Colored people stopped taking the bus and started walking to boycott the bus
- On November 1956 the segregation on buses was no more. The boycott lasted 381 days -
Integration of Central High School
Little Rock Nine - First nine black students integrate to an all white school
- The Little Rock Nine students were not welcomed into their new school
- Students were escorted by troops to school -
First lunch counter sit-in
Jim Crow Laws & Sit-ins - Was when four African Americans sat in lunch counters to end Jim Crow Law that those seat are reserved for whites
- Four African American students from North Carolina's Agricultural and Technical College sat at a lunch counter sit in and were not served
- After the first sit-in they did not like the way they were treated so they went there again and this time 20 others came with them and sat at the lunch counters and were not sereved -
Freedom Rides
Civil disobedience - the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust
- Seven blacks and six whites were on a bus that was heading south to see if people were complying with the new law
- When the bus got to Alabama the people in the bus were beaten and chased out of the bus -
Birmingham campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference, to get African Americans their Civil Rights
- Martin Luther King Jr and other people that were with the SCLC wanted them to protest but were arrested
- They did not like the world "Wait" because that word to them meant "Never" so they protested the rights to be equal. -
March on Washington
NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- More than 250,000 people and 60,000 of them were white went on a march for Freedom and Jobs
- On this day people listened to African Americans performers and held hands and joined in on songs -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson - A landmark about Constitution law case of the US Supreme Court
- Martin Luther King Jr and President Lyndon B. Johnson both talked about changing the law and making people equal and President Johnson pushed and pushed to get the Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed
- A law of banning discrimination of race, sex, religion, or national origin and giving everyone equal rights -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Disenfranchise - Taking away a persons right to vote
- Congress outlawing literacy tests and other tactics that had long been used to deny African Americans the right to vote
- Colored people that wanted the rights to vote went on a march to get it and they did -
Watts Riot + Kerner Commission
Kerner Commission, ghettos - the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot, people belonging to a single ethic group in the city
- 1965 race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment
- Violent protests break out and many people die. -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black power, SNCC - Political power, economic power, and pride in being black, and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC)
- A group that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
- This program helped eliminate police brutality on African Americas and it help give African Americans their rights -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Discrimination - Racial discrimination in housing, whites not letting blacks rent an apartment
- A law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
- Federal government the authority to file lawsuits against those who violated the law. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
Desegregation - Make schools not have anymore segregation and everyone be treated equal
- 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
- Using busing as a racial balance and way to desegregation -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Affirmative action - May set specific goals, such as numbers of minority or women workers to be hired
- 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
- affirmative action by declaring that race could be used as one of the criteria in admissions decisions. However, it also said that racial quotas were unconstitutional
