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NAACP and Thurgood Marshall: The Legalist Strategy to fight Jim Crow
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Thurgood Marshall
(Get the supreme court to make judgments that helped dismantle public school segregation and create racial integration) -
13th Amendment (Feb 3, 1870)
No more slavery -
14th Amendment (July 9, 1868)
Born in America then you get American citizenship -
15th Amendment (Feb 3, 1870)
All men can vote -
Plessy vs. Ferguson: “Separate but equal” 1896
Late 1890’s south states trying to separate races in public JIM CROW LAWS -
Truman: Military Problem
Trumen sent civil rights legislation to Capitol Hill to call for desegregation of our military -
Executive Order 9981
White house declared equality and equal opportunity in armed forces -
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Malcolm X (1952-1965)
Extremism provided a sharp cutting edge to the black struggle
“Malcolm X and his views began to have a growing appeal to the legions of youth activists who were growing frustrated by the slow progress of reform and the incessant brutality of white racists, as had been displayed in the Freedom Summer experience”
-Blacks to arm and protect themselves
-ALLOWED FOR KING TO APPEAR AS MORE MODEST -
Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Breaks the 14th amendment it has got to go -
Brown II
"All deliberate speed" has to gradually integrate -
Medgar Evers Notes
1st NAACP field secretary for Mississippi
Invested murders in 1955
Who was murdered in Money, Mississippi in 1955?
Emmett Till -
Montgomery Bus Boycott and Browder vs Gayle
Thousands of blacks now rode buses and sat where they would like All this led to a new uprising southern leader, Martin Luther King Jr. -
Intro to MLK
Preacher and helped with bus boycott -
“Southern Manifesto” and Massive Resistance
The goal was to keep the segregated school and accuse the supreme court of abuse of their power -
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Sovereignty Comission
Def: The quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory.
-To preserve and keep total SEGREGATION in Mississippi
Wanted to know everything the Civil Rights Movement was doing
MADE UP OF LAWMAKERS, JUDGES (Power) Spied;
Wire-tapping
Write license plate #’s
Infiltrated CR meetings
Pay neighbors for info
--> By 1964: had 10,000 files on people → gave filed to the KKK… -
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
After the Southern Christan Leadership Conference sprang out to other states and other black ministers started nonviolent protests for racial integration -
Civil Rights Act 1957
Empowered federal officials to prosecute anyone who denies another citizen's right to vote -
Little Rock Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas
Black kids went into a white school
Bad violence so had to leave but then called the army to help protect them
Little rock is a benchmark of the American process -
Eisenhower Response "Address to nation"
He didn't love Brown but he fully supported little rock nine
Posed threat to integration law
Couldn’t let anything go wrong or the Soviets would continue to call America the home of “racial terror” -
The Legal Case: Cooper vs Aaron
-Feb 1958 Board at Central High School filed to postpone integration because it created school havoc
-The Supreme Court deemed that the kids were to stay at school at Central and that the governor cant creates laws or acts that don't agree with the constitutional amendments.
-Brown vs Board of Education started school integration and Cooper vs Aaron was the muscle of it. -
Civil Rights Act: Eisenhower's Signing Statement
-Disobeying federal court laws is a crime
-Desegregation of schools
-Free public education to all children of Armed Forces personnel
-The FBI can now investigate bombings of schools, churches, and structures → these acts are just lawless
-Allow voting without being discriminated for color or race
-Voting officials to make sure people can vote and they obey the 15th amendment
-Help keep equality through races throughout our country -
Sit-Ins
Whites participated and showed that some accepted racial integration -
Formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
-Baker called out to people because she feared that the NAACP and SCLC were too slow compared to the tempo of students
-Youth Leadership meeting happened and over 200 student delegates came → Hope was to create an independent organization
-ELLA BAKER -
Congress of racial equality (CORE)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was established before the start of civil rights in 1950
-Big from Freedom rides -
The Results
-Showed that even in the very discriminate parts of the South provoking confrontation helped bring federal help and victories can be won
-Shows the violent side of Southern Racism that disgusted the rest of America -
Albany Movement of 1961
Started 1961 fall and ended in 1962 Summer and it was the first time that the goal was for full desegregation → 1,000+ African Americans put in jail in Albany -
Aftereffects
Albany schools and buses were forced to integrate, White parents created their own private academy’s -
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The Movement 1961-1962
Started filling jails King ran out of Marchers before Pritchett ran out of jail space → no change in Albany from King but he will use his lessons for Birmingham -
Intersate Commerce Act
Ended with the Owner of the restaurant not being able to discriminate -
The Strategy
-“Our intention was to provoke the southern authorities into arresting us and thereby prod the justice department into enforcing the law of the land,” said the National Director of CORE
-March 13, 1961, James Farmer started “Freedom Rides” through the South to test racial discrimination in Interstate-travel terminals -
The actual ride through the South
Attacked very bad once in Anniston Alabama --> Birmingham was worse Restarted with 21 new people from Nashville and Atlanta -
James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
-28-year-old Black Air Force vet appealed to the Supreme Court about being admitted into all-white, University of Mississippi.
-President went on TV to announce it (Sept 30) and he had trusted governor Barnett (Segregist) to do it peacefully -
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
March was successful
Received lots of media attention and coverage
Climaxed King's speech
Peaceful and orderly
Ignore the compromises of the organizers -
The Birmingham Movement
-This showed the nation that change was no longer possible but MANDATORY
-Kennedy didn’t want to intervene, and the bloodbath was crazy in the south
-May 10, was the day the timeline was put out to desegregate all restaurant affiliated things and hiring practices.
-Summer of 1963 Kennedy could no longer hang back but he would have to embrace the movement as a bomb was set off that “reached all the way from Washington” from Birmingham (The sound) -
Kennedy’s Civil Rights Speech (June 11, 1963)
-Spoke on TV legislation for Civil Rights that was very blunt addressing Martin Luther King's campaign morals → Happened in -June 1963
-Talked about the need for acting in Congress and need to act for our daily lives
-His legislation moved very slowly through the congressional process
-Took a risk (Fighting for Civil Rights) “put his prestige and his office behind a cause that he once had tried to dodge” -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-November 27, 1963 (5 days after JFK was killed) Johnson challenged senators and representatives to move forward on the civil rights
-Banned discrimination in private places used by the public (Movies, gas stations, restaurants, etc)
Allowed the Attorney General to eliminate segregation in public schools, hospitals, playgrounds, and other public places
-Title VII
Banned discrimination in employment to certain races and sexes -
Freedom Summer (Mississippi 1964)
Freedom Schools, voter registration, research work, community center programs
Freedom schools:
Reading, writing, and arithmetic
Wanted white students to be there because “everyone would be safer”
Who would have trouble going to the South if they had to pay their own way? -
Overall Outcomes of Act 1964
-Didn’t actually provide equality but legally it did
-Still segregation in certain schools in the deep south
-Employers and Unions didn’t listen to the Civil Rights Act 1964
-Not any radical changes until 1969 when the court cracked down on this
-Supreme court and Johnson enforced this act with “Vigor”
-Jim crow finally began to fall but nobody wanted to comply
-Black people can finally enjoy the freedom -
3 Men
Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael "Mickey" Schwerner June 21, 1964
Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner going to investigate the burned church
3 pm → Stopped by Sheriff Cecil Price in Philadelphia, Mississippi
Released @ 10:30 pm Monday, June 22, 1964
Schwerner’s car found
No bodies were found
President Johnson orders sailors to look in the Pearl and Mississippi Rivers -
Schwerner Death and Info
August 4, 1964
-Found Bodies in an Earthen Dam
-Chaney Shot 3x times
-Goodman had soil clenched in his fists
What happened?
-Released from Jail at 10:30 pm
-Deputy Price pulled them over AGAIN
-But now with 2 cars FULL of KKK members
-Put into the back seat of a patrol car
-Driven to an isolated spot off the highway
-Taken out of the car one by one and shot Why Important?
Showed that white and black can get along well -
Medgar Evers pt. 2
Killed in front of the house but it was important because he was a civil rights activist --> Died in front of kids -
The Selma to Montgomery March: The drive for Voting Rights
1965 MLK, SNCC, and SCLC sent people down to Selma to highlight people not being able to vote
Blacks asked obscure questions to prevent their vote -
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
Provisions of the Act
-The literacy tests would be canceled if less than 50% of a state's -legal voters registered to vote
-If they eliminated the tests and it didn’t raise to over 50% then they could send examiners to make sure people we able to vote
Impact of the Act
-By end of 1966 (4 southern states didn't make it), almost all southern states met that 50% mark
-1980 → 10 mil blacks registered voters and 7% less than white voters (Both of age)
-1968 → 1980 number of black voters doubled -
LBJ’s “American Promise” Speech
March 15, 1965, → Johnson gave a speech to congress
We need equality for all voters for it breaks the constitution to prohibit people of color from voting
Instill a bill to overcome this injustice and the bigotry that lies within the roots of this country -
Limitations of the Voting rights Act
-Covered right to register AND to vote
-Bill became Law → Registration of eligible people of color went from 30 → 46% across 6 different states
-The vote could only do so much as Johnson knew racism has been a part of American Culture for decades -
Stokely Carmichael and “Black Power”
-Carmichael → Mad, 27th time arrested → “We want Black Power”
-This upset king and king thought it might reverse or scare white communities
"Black Power"
-MLK did NOT like Black power because it opposed his theories of nonviolence
-MLK feels black supremacy would be just as evil as white supremacy
-VP Humphrey said Racism is Racism → America has no room for it to any person regardless of color -
Black Panther Party
October 15, 1966, → Oakland → doctrine that promoted justice and unity in Black American Neighborhoods
Want in 10 POINT PLAN:
-Freedom
-Full employment
-Debt to be paid off up slavery and discrimination
-Decent Housing
-True Education (Black History a part of it)
-Black men to not be in the Military
-End to Police Brutality
-Blacks freed from jail (Not had a fair trial for true arrest)
-Trial by Black council