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18th Century in Education
The American Education system began with many religious based schools, monitorial schools, and then publicly funded schools following later. Higher Education also began to expand -
Parochial schools
Schools established by Quakers and Mennonites -
Higher Education Expands
Benjamin Franklin opened the "English Academy"-Later becomes University of Pennsylvania -
Higher Education
School for girls opened by The Moravians . It is now Salem College, a liberal arts college with over 1,000 students attending. -
Funding
New York gave funds for the operation of church schools. -
Monitorial learning
The First monitorial school (mutual learning) school opened in NY. This idea where students help each other learn (cooperative learning), which is still used and widely recognized today. This is an example of homeostatis and change. -
Equality?
Sarah Roberts v the City of Boston upheld segregation in schools. Sarah was required to walk over an hour to get to school. The law suit was dismissed on the basis that different people were treated differently (ex. children and adults) and therefore treating blacks and whites differently was legal as long as the services provided and facilities were the same. (right)
Homeostasis was challenged by a strange attractor which would not stop being influential to the system. -
Department of Education
The Department of Education was established.
Cybernetics between the government and education.
Emergence-the system will grow based on the feedback.
Self-Organized critically-all components of this system will interact based on the environment which will lead to stability but will also remain tempermental over time due to factals and strange attractors. -
Higher Education Continues to expand/Morrill Act
The Morrill Act of Higher learning moved from classical studis to applied studies, funding from the government for higher education. -
NEA
The NEA Committee of Ten was established to look at high school curricula and suggest changes. -
Plessy V. Ferguson
Segregation was once again being challenged. This inequity in the system (strange attractor) continued to push the system for change. Cybernetics was getting louder but the system continued to strive to keep the homeostasis. -
20th Century
School attendance becomes compulsatory. -
Compulsatory Act
Oregon Compulsatory Education Act-the intention was to stop Catholic school attendance. Made attendance mandatory in government run schools.
This strange attractor happened in the hopes that children could remain in public school to discourage Catholic schools. -
Oregon Ruling overturned
The court ruled that the Oregon compulsatory act was unconstitutional since parents reserve the right to determine the school their child will attend based on their constitutional rights. Strange attractor was able to fight that change to their student's education. Homeostatis for that population was restored. -
GI Bill
GI Bill was enacted. The importance of education was reinforced. Cybernetics-men and women in the military were supported in the educational pursuits. -
Education becomes competitive
Sputnik was launched by the Soviet Union. The U.S. felt renewed pressure for academic advancements in math and science. Sensitive dependence-this event propelled the U.S. and became a strange attractor for our educational system. -
Iron Triangle
Three groups began working together for education reform. The legistlators, the state department of education, and educational lobbying groups. The policy changes were slow at this time (this group provided cybernetics). The system self organized critically at this time and tried to maintain homeostatis despite evidence that change was needed. -
Funding
Funding for education was generous (strange attractors). Society felt the need (cybernetics) and funding for education was plentiful. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
This was intended to raise achievement and close achievement gaps (emergence). There was a large achievement gap due to segregation and the socioeconomic differences among various groups (fractals). The nation saw a need for academic improvements. -
Desegragation Enforced
Despite the ruling in Brown V. Board, some school divisions were still practicing segregation (strange attractors ignored). The Federal Courts ordered a desegregation plan (cybernetics and strange attractor), using their funding as leverage (sensitive dependence). -
Tax Rebellions
Citizens rebelled against the increased demands for federal and state tax increases. This led to political pressure (strange attractor) and made politicians unwilling to increase taxes (emergence). -
Basic Skills Curricula
The State government in FL and TX passed a basic skills curricula which required statewide testing programs. Cybernetics from outside pressure to increase academic standards. This started the wave of state testing mandates and accountability (emergence and sensitive dependence) Other states would feel pressured that they also needed to start state testing to raise their educational standards. -
NO NEW TAXES
Once again citizens expressed their condemnation of new taxes. Politicians listened due to pressure (strange attractors) and (cybernetics). The politicians felt that their platform must reflect the desires of the voters (emergence) and decreased funding to education began. -
NCLB
The No Child Left Behind Act came into affect. This required that all students must perform and pass State-wide tests. Schools whose students did not meet this proficiency risked losing funding and sanctions, possibly even closure!
