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The Catholic Church held significant political, economic, and cultural influence in Europe, affecting decisions and governance.
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Socioeconomic system where feudal lords controlled lands, and serfs worked on them in exchange for protection; dominant during the Middle Ages.
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Period of global cooling that affected climates and harvests in Europe, impacting the economy and society.
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Conflict between England and France over territorial rights and succession, weakening both kingdoms and marking the decline of feudalism in many aspects.
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Bubonic plague epidemic that devastated Europe’s population, deeply affecting the economy and social structure.
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United two of the most powerful kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula, laying the foundation for a unified Spain under Catholic monarchs. -
Authorized by the Pope to pursue heresy and ensure religious unity, particularly targeting converted Jews and Muslims (conversos and moriscos). -
Isabella and Ferdinand financed Columbus’s voyage, leading to the discovery of the New World and the beginning of European colonization in the Americas. -
Columbus, under Spanish sponsorship, reached the Americas, marking the start of European interest in the New World, though he believed he had found a new route to Asia. -
The Catholic Monarchs issued the Edict of Granada, ordering Jews to convert to Christianity or leave, impacting Spain’s economy and culture. -
Following Columbus’s voyages, Spain established colonies in the Caribbean and later expanded into Central and South America.
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Papal decrees dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal, supporting exploration, conquest, and conversion of Indigenous peoples to Christianity. -
Treaty negotiated by the Pope, dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal. Spain received most of the Americas, while Portugal claimed Brazil. -
Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil, and Portugal began establishing sugar plantations using African slave labor. -
Hernán Cortés and his forces entered the Aztec capital, marking the start of the Spanish conquest of Mexico. -
Spanish forces suffered a significant defeat while fleeing Tenochtitlán after a rebellion by the Aztecs. -
The Aztec capital was captured by the Spanish, ending the Aztec Empire and establishing Spanish dominance in Mexico. -
The Spanish began to establish settlements in newly conquered territories. -
King Charles I of Spain created New Spain as an administrative region, with Antonio de Mendoza as the first viceroy. -
Established to produce currency for the New World, supporting Spanish trade and economy. -
Discovery of rich silver deposits that became crucial for the Spanish economy, enriching the Spanish crown. -
Enacted by King Charles I to protect Indigenous people from abuses under the encomienda system, though often poorly enforced. -
Series of uprisings against Spanish rule, reflecting Indigenous resistance to colonization. -
France established its first colonies in Canada, focusing on the fur trade, with settlements at Port Royal (1604) and Quebec (1608).
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England established its first permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620.
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The Inquisition established a formal tribunal to monitor heresy and moral offenses. -
A revolt led to the temporary removal of Viceroy Diego Carrillo de Mendoza due to economic hardships and political tensions. -
Indigenous rebellion temporarily expelled Spanish settlers from the region, demonstrating resistance to colonial rule. -
Economic hardships and discontent led Indigenous and mestizo populations to protest rising food costs and Spanish policies. -
Ended the War of Spanish Succession and established the Bourbon family as the ruling dynasty in Spain. -
Reforms centralizing power, increasing taxation, and strengthening the Spanish crown’s control over colonies. -
Part of the Bourbon Reforms, removing the influential Jesuit order from Spanish-controlled lands. -
Administrative reorganization giving more power to regional governors (intendents) as part of the Bourbon Reforms. -
A census conducted to improve colonial administration and implement further reforms