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Enlighment (democratic government and natural rights) as cause of revolutions
Seven year war between France and Britain. It became global. -
Edmund Cartrite patented a Mechanized Loom that could be powered by water, faster weaving led to shortages in yarn so the spinning process needed to be increased.
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John K patented The Flying Shuttle which sped up the weaving process.
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In 1758, the first act of Parliament to authorize the construction of a railway was to enable Charles Brandling to move coal from his coilery in Middleton to Leeds.
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There were new agricultural advances led to less workers needed for farming. Britain was experiencing a population boom. A major factor was Britain’s colonial supremacy. The process involved two major parts: spinning and weaving.
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James Watt, a scottish engineer, built an engine that was powered by steam. It was able to pump water from mines much more efficiently than a previous engine model by Thomas newman.
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The Textile Industry was one of the first to embrace steam power on a large scale.
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The Industrial Revolution also led to the creation of a new prosperous class of industrialists who could amass huge fortune enabling them or their descendants to join the old elite.
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Modern factories became increasingly a commonplace in many towns and cities, transforming british cities, the economy, society and politics.
Arnold Toynbee called it The Industrial Revolution. -
In 1761, the Duke of Bridgewater opened a canal between his coilery at Worsley and Manchester, which within weeks from its opening halved the price of the coal.
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James Harres perfected the Spinning Jenny which allowed a single spinner to work multiple spools of thread simultaneously. Soon after a breakthrough in technology pushed textile production through the roof.
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1769- The invention of the automobile by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot: three-wheeled steam powered tractor.
1885- “The first true automobile” also called Benz Patent-Motorwagen.
1886- Daimler Motorized Carriage.
1908-1927: mass production of the Model T (Ford)
Latter half of the 1800s- New consumer society: cheaper transportation and manufacturing of goods. -
In 1771, a five story building was built in Cromford Derbyshire. It was the world's first successful water-powered cotton spinning mill and one of the world's first modern factories, developed by Richard Arkwright. At the beginning, there were two hundred workers (men, women and children).
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Inspired by democratic government in each colony, british debt caused by Seven Years War, taxes, major public revolts. Declaration of Independence from Britain. Sets of the age of revolutions.
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Battle of Saratoga first major american victory.
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The use of railways led to the creation of modern factories. Due to infrastructure, transport, worker housing and commercial services, factories were located in cities, which accelerated urbanization.
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Battle of Yorktown last major victory
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Treaty of Paris granted the american independence.
Birth of a new american democratic form of government inspired by Enlighment. Inspired incoming revolutions. -
Weak king, debt, social inequity, high food prices, lost Seven Years War. Estates-General National Assembly; storming of the Bastille; Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Women's March on Versailles.
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The dismal conditions in the mines, factories and housing conditions gave rise to a reform movement called SOCIALISM. It was based on cooperation. It was carried out by Utopian Socialists, they believed that society could be transformed peacefully and through the goodwill and moral conviction of people.
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Royal family tries to flee from Paris.
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First revolts from slaves and free people of color in Haiti following French and American Revolutions inspired by the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen; the idea that all men are equal, and the revolts can be succesful just as in America.
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17,000 casualties as a result of revolts, protests and massacres of prisoners.
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Louis XVI and Marie-Antoniette executed by guillotine.
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End of Reign of Terror. Rise of Napoleon as self-proclaimed emperor. End of absolutism in France, nationalism spreads over Europe.
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British cotton goods were being sold all over the world. Iron production also changed fairly rapidly after centuries of very little change.
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It could do the work of 953 horses.
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In the cotton industry, labour gradually shifted from working in the home to taking up better paid jobs in the mills. This led to precarious work where workers called for improved living conditions, employment rights, children's education and the vote, to ensure Parliament listen these demands.
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In late 1800s, a new political parties and labour unions formed based on the ideas of a new kind of socialism.
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Richard Travic built a locomotive for the padan ironworks in south wales to transport iron. by the tail end of the industrial revolution around the mid 1800s, britain was arguably the richest state on earth; britain emerged as the global economic and industrial leader, overtaking regions such as china and india, this is called the great divergence.
Now the dominant powers, Austria, Prussia, Russia and Britain met at the congress of Vienna in 1814. -
Haitian independence from France
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The congress was a complex diplomatic event lasting until 1815 but was only the beginning of widespread conservative reaction to the radical changes of The French Revolution. The peace was maintained through the concert of Europe which was based on the principle that the major powers of Europe, initially Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain and later France would work together to solve international disputes and maintained peace and stability.
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New Turnpike roads were constructed paid for by tolls on passing traffic. This dramatically reduced inland journey times.
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There were new forms of energy:
Lightbulb (1879)
Electric cars (1830) and subways (1890) -
REFORM ACT OF 1832 (Whigs): It changed the British electoral system giving the vote to middle class men, leaving working men disappointed.
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Sir Robert Peel was the son of a cotton textile manufacturer. These were the men who successfully secured the vote with the Great Reform Act.
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The Factory Act, introduced by the Parliament, served as a regulatory law. It restricted working hours for those under 18 years old and outright prohibited work for those under nine years old. Child labor decreased.
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She came to the throne at 18 and ruled for over 63 years. The VICTORIAN ERA was a period of great industrial, cultural, political, scientific and military change within the United Kingdom. It was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire
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After the industrial revolution, the new bouris became those who built factories and bought the machines for their workers to run.
Women and children labor. Child labor became much more extreme. -
New forms of communication:
Telephone (1876)
First radio waves sent across the Atlantic by Marconi (1901)
Sea travel in large ocean liners (1840)
Air travel with plane (1903) -
Steam engine needed a efficient and controllable source of heat which coal provided. Thank to improvement in mining technology and natural abundance of coal in Britain, this could be extracted in greater quantities than ever before. As a consequence, this freed the economy from its earlier energy constraints.
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It appeared a new material which was useful for railways, ships and weapons. This was steel.
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There were over 2000 miles of canal in use.
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It was a war between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire.
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Black Sea neutrality
Return of conquered territories
Ottomans admitted to Concert of Europe -
Napoleon III began to liberalize his regime allowing for more public debate and legislative power. Durin Napoleon’s rule, the French economy grew rapidly with the expansion of the Railway Network, significant investment in industry and the promotion of the banking sector.
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Italy was proclaimed as a kingdom under the king Victor Emanuel II
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It increased the number of men who could vote in elections.
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The fall of the second French Empire was a period of political turmoil.
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Manchester became the world's first industrial city and the centre of the cotton industry.
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In the 2nd industrial revolution, Germany was the dominant industrial power. Western and Central Europe had a more advanced industrial core with a higher standard of living.
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Nationalist and liberal elements won out over autocracy.
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It was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardisation, mass production and industrialisation from 1870 to 1914. There was rapid industrial development in Western Europe, North America and Japon. Also, there were technological, socio-economic and cultural changes
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The Belle Epoque (in France) was period characterized by:
Optimism.
Economic prosperity
Cultural flourishing -
The French constitution was established.
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The Ottomans suppressed a rebellion in Bulgaria called the “April uprising”.
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In The Russo-Turkish War, Russia declared war on The Ottomans. The Ottomans surrendered.
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The Treaty of San Stefano reduced Ottoman influence in the Balkans. By the summer, the treaty was modified by the congress of Berlin and the Balkan map was redrawn.
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It was a defensive alliance were Germany and Austria Hungary agree to come to each other’s aid if they were attacked by Russia. It was aimed at isolating France.
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Italy joined the alliance seeking support against France.
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Bismarck (chancellor of Germany) signed a different treaty with Russia.
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Germany was an authoritarian state with a strong military and industrial power.
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Wilhelm II abandoned the treaty with Russia.
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It was an alliance between France and Russia.
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A new labour party was created.
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The Edwardian era was a period of peace and prosperity from 1901 to 1910.
The era was marked by significant changes:
Cultural elegance
Advancements in fashion
Rise of the middle class -
Entente cordiale was an alliance between Britain and France.
It was The Russo-Japanese War. -
It was the defeat of the Russian Baltic fleet at the Battle of Tsushima.
The First Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political and social unrest spread throughout the Russian Empire. -
The Russian constitution was established. Women suffrage in Finland.
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It was an informal military alliance between the United Kingdom, French Third Republic and the Russian Empire.
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The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary announces its annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Albanian Declaration of Independence.
First Balkan War- Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro banded together to form the Balkan league declaring war to drive out the Ottomans. The league achieved rapid success. -
Bulgaria lost most of the territory it had gained in the First Balkan War to Serbia, Greece and Romania. The Ottoman Empire regained some territories.
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It was the Treaty of Constantinople between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
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The Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its European territories with significant gains for the Balkan league.
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Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece in a bid to revise the division of territories.
The Second Balkan War: the Bulgarian forces suffered several defeats. -
The 19th century was over.
Mass society: society characterized by large scale, impersonal and somewhat homogenized social structures and institutions.
Mass production: the more people moved to the city the more people were available to work at factories which lead to Mass consumption.
Mass media: newspaper, radio and television.
Mass education: on governance, health and welfare.
Mass politics: the shift from autocracy to democracy lead to the involvement of all classes.