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Leonid Brezhnev
The Soviet Leader from 1964-82. He joined the Communist party in 1931 and rose with its power. In 1952 he became a secretary of the party’s central committee. -
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Jimmy Carter
an American politician, author, and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was awarded the 2002 Noble Peace Prize. The Détente continues. -
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Operation Cyclone (U.S. Support of Mujahideen)
President Jimmy Carter announced what became known as the Carter Doctrine: that the U.S. would not allow any other outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf. He terminated the Soviet Wheat Deal in January 1980, which was intended to establish trade with USSR and lessen Cold War tensions. In addition, generous U.S. contributions to the refugee program in Pakistan played a major part in efforts to assist Afghan refugees. -
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Babrack Karmal
Afghan politician who, backed by the Soviet Union, was president of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1986. It was while studying at the university that Karmal was first introduced to Marxism and Communism. He was a founding member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), and served in the National Assembly from 1965 until 1973. -
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Babrak Karmal
an Afghan politician and statesman during the Cold War. He was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Council, synonymous with vice head of state, in the communist government. He was president from 1979 – 1986. -
Mujahideen Alliance
Was an Afghan organization formed in either 1981 or 1985 by the seven Afghan mujahideen parties fighting against the Soviet and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan forces in the Soviet-Afghan War -
Geneva Accords of 1988
The agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to the Afghanistan that consisted of a bilateral agreement between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of Afghanistan on the principles of mutual relations. -
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Osama Bin Laden (Creates Al-Aaeda)
The founder of al-Qaeda, the militant organization that was in charge of numerous mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets including 9/11. He lead al-Qaeda from 1988-2011 -
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Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96)
The 1992 to 1996 phase of the conflict in Afghanistan (1978–present) began after the resignation of the communist President Mohammad Najibullah. The post-communist Islamic State of Afghanistan was established by the Peshawar Accord, a peace and power-sharing agreement under which all the Afghan parties were united in April 1992 -
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Battle of Kabul (1992–96)
The collapse of Mohammad Najibullah's regime in April 1992 led to a peace treaty between the Afghan political parties. But soon after, the undisciplined commanders from both former mujahidin and Communist ranks started to vie for power -
UN arms embargo
In October 1996, in response to on-going violent conflict in Afghanistan in October 1996 UN Security Council Resolution 1076 imposed a voluntary arms embargo on Afghanistan, calling upon all States to end the supply of arms and ammunition to all parties to the conflict in Afghanistan -
9/11
The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States in New York City, New York, and Arlington County, Virginia, on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. -
US Invasion of Afghanistan
The United States invasion of Afghanistan occurred after the September 11 attacks in late 2001 supported by close allies. The conflict is also known as the U.S. war in Afghanistan. It followed the Afghan Civil War's 1996–2001 phase. Its public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda, and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power.
